Table 2 Changes in secondary outcomes from baseline to week 8 on each diet, and differences in changes in outcomes from baseline to week 8 between diets

From: Ultraprocessed or minimally processed diets following healthy dietary guidelines on weight and cardiometabolic health: a randomized, crossover trial

ITT N = 50	MPF diet			UPF diet			MPF diet − UPF diet
ITT N = 50	Mean	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	Mean	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	Mean	s.e.	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	P value
Weight (kg)	−1.84	−2.68	−1.00	−0.88	−1.72	−0.05	−0.96	0.40	−1.76	−0.17	0.019
BMI (kg m⁻²)	−0.67	−0.98	−0.37	−0.33	−0.63	−0.03	−0.34	0.14	−0.63	−0.05	0.021
Waist circumference (cm)	−1.70	−3.52	0.12	−0.18	−1.94	1.57	−1.51	1.03	−3.59	0.56	0.148
Fat mass (kg)	−1.59	−2.32	−0.85	−0.61	−1.34	0.12	−0.98	0.32	−1.62	−0.33	0.004
Body fat percentage (%)	−1.08	−1.66	−0.51	−0.32	−0.89	0.24	−0.76	0.28	−1.33	−0.19	0.010
Visceral fat rating	−0.57	−0.81	−0.32	−0.16	−0.40	0.08	−0.41	0.15	−0.70	−0.11	0.008
Fat-free mass (kg)	−0.30	−0.78	0.19	−0.30	−0.77	0.18	0.00	0.28	−0.57	0.57	0.993
Muscle mass (kg)	−0.29	−0.75	0.17	−0.28	−0.73	0.17	−0.01	0.27	−0.55	0.54	0.980
Bone mass (kg)	−0.01	−0.03	0.02	−0.02	−0.04	0.01	0.01	0.02	−0.02	0.04	0.569
Total body water mass (kg)	−0.65	−0.96	−0.33	−0.14	−0.45	0.17	−0.51	0.15	−0.81	−0.20	0.002
Total body water percentage (%)	0.21	−0.15	0.56	0.30	−0.05	0.65	−0.10	0.16	−0.42	0.23	0.563
SBP (mm Hg)	−5.75	−10.13	−1.36	−2.67	−7.01	1.67	−3.08	2.44	−7.99	1.84	0.214
DBP (mm Hg)	−3.52	−6.02	−1.02	−1.88	−4.35	0.60	−1.64	1.46	−4.59	1.31	0.268
HR (beats per minute)	−3.57	−7.56	0.42	−4.35	−8.28	−0.42	0.78	2.36	−3.97	5.53	0.743
Bilirubin (μmol l⁻¹)	0.15	−1.05	1.36	0.70	−0.47	1.87	−0.54	0.49	−1.53	0.45	0.274
Alkaline phosphatase (IU l⁻¹)	0.33	−3.17	3.83	−0.51	−3.78	2.77	0.83	2.08	−3.37	5.04	0.690
Alanine transaminase (IU l⁻¹)	1.99	−3.34	7.32	−0.52	−5.53	4.50	2.51	2.63	−2.83	7.84	0.347
Albumin (g l⁻¹)	−0.18	−1.01	0.64	−0.09	−0.89	0.70	−0.09	0.48	−1.06	0.88	0.852
HbA1c (%)	−0.08	−0.15	−0.01	−0.03	−0.09	0.04	−0.06	0.04	−0.14	0.02	0.165
Fasting glucose (mmol l⁻¹)	−0.13	−0.27	0.00	−0.19	−0.32	−0.06	0.05	0.08	−0.10	0.21	0.488
Total cholesterol (mmol l⁻¹)	−0.31	−0.51	−0.10	−0.44	−0.63	−0.24	0.13	0.12	−0.11	0.37	0.283
Total-cholesterol-to-HDL ratio	−0.04	−0.21	0.13	−0.13	−0.30	0.03	0.09	0.10	−0.11	0.29	0.368
HDL-C (mmol l⁻¹)	−0.11	−0.19	−0.03	−0.08	−0.16	−0.01	−0.03	0.05	−0.12	0.07	0.575
LDL-C (mmol l⁻¹)	−0.13	−0.30	0.03	−0.38	−0.54	−0.22	0.25	0.10	0.05	0.45	0.016
Non-HDL-C (mmol l⁻¹)	−0.22	−0.41	−0.03	−0.36	−0.54	−0.17	0.14	0.11	−0.09	0.36	0.234
Triglycerides (mmol l⁻¹)	−0.18	−0.32	−0.04	0.07	−0.06	0.20	−0.25	0.08	−0.42	−0.09	0.004
C-reactive protein (mg l⁻¹)	−0.80	−1.90	0.31	−0.38	−1.44	0.69	−0.42	0.64	−1.72	0.88	0.519
PFS food available	−0.41	−0.84	0.03	−0.12	−0.56	0.31	−0.28	0.18	−0.65	0.08	0.125
PFS food present	−0.67	−1.15	−0.19	−0.38	−0.86	0.10	−0.29	0.18	−0.66	0.08	0.122
PFS food tasted	−0.40	−0.79	−0.01	−0.21	−0.61	0.18	−0.19	0.17	−0.53	0.15	0.275
PFS total	−0.50	−0.88	−0.11	−0.24	−0.63	0.15	−0.25	0.14	−0.55	0.04	0.089
CoEQ craving control	23.81	12.52	35.09	12.13	0.76	23.49	11.68	4.74	2.07	21.28	0.019
CoEQ craving for sweet	−9.67	−16.54	−2.81	−2.70	−9.61	4.21	−6.97	3.52	−14.10	0.16	0.055
CoEQ craving for savory	−13.39	−21.57	−5.22	−2.94	−11.16	5.28	−10.46	4.12	−18.80	−2.12	0.015
CoEQ positive mood	−1.23	−9.10	6.64	2.60	−5.33	10.52	−3.83	3.13	−10.18	2.52	0.229
CoEQ control over craved nominated food	−28.44	−45.41	−11.47	−14.67	−31.76	2.41	−13.77	6.35	−26.66	−0.88	0.037

Estimated marginal means and 95% CIs computed from mixed-effects models adjusted for randomization arm and nightshift status, with an interaction term for diet and randomization arm and a random effect for participant.

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Table 2 Changes in secondary outcomes from baseline to week 8 on each diet, and differences in changes in outcomes from baseline to week 8 between diets

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