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Building a code of conduct for AI-driven clinical consultations

Nature Medicine (2026)Cite this article

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Can clinical artificial intelligence borrow from the experience of developing safe autonomous vehicles to develop safe autonomous consultations for medicine?

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Fig. 1: A dynamic framework for the evaluation and continuous improvement of autonomous clinical consultations.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ufonia, Oxford, UK

    Ernest Lim, Yajie Vera He, Nick de Pennington & Aisling Higham

  2. Centre for Assuring Autonomy, University of York, York, UK

    Ernest Lim, Yan Jia & Ibrahim Habli

  3. International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Arun Thirunavukarasu

  4. Horiba Mira, Nuneaton, UK

    Helen Monkhouse

  5. National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK

    Dun Jack Fu

  6. Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom

    Aisling Higham

  7. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Yih Chung Tham

  8. Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

    Yih Chung Tham

Authors
  1. Ernest Lim
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  2. Arun Thirunavukarasu
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  9. Yan Jia
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  10. Ibrahim Habli
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ernest Lim.

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Competing interests

E.L., A.H. and Y.V.H. are employees of Ufonia, and N.d.P. is an employee and shareholder of Ufonia. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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Lim, E., Thirunavukarasu, A., He, Y.V. et al. Building a code of conduct for AI-driven clinical consultations. Nat Med (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04068-w

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