Extended Data Fig. 1: Biochemical categories of the 469 analyzed metabolites, and their associations with incident T2D comparing non-Hispanic White individuals vs. individuals of other races and ethnicities.
(A) Numbers of metabolites with positive, inverse, or null associations with T2D risk by biochemical category. We compared the association coefficients of each metabolite with T2D risk in the non-Hispanic White group to those from all individuals of other races and ethnics (B), Hispanic/Latino participants (C), and African American participants (D). Sample sizes for individual metabolites vary, depending on their availability in each cohort; the maximum sample sizes are 18,193 for non-Hispanic White individuals, 3,686 for Hispanic/Latino individuals, and 1,604 for African American individuals (see Supplementary Table S4). Association coefficients were presented as natural log of relative risk (RR) per SD increment in metabolites. In each cohort, we first conducted MWAS for incident T2D stratified by major racial/ethnic groups (that is, non-Hispanic White, African American, Hispanic/Latino, or mixed non-White individuals depending on sample size). The main model was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, fasting status, lipid-lowering mediation use, anti-hypertensive medication use, hypertension, dyslipidemia, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, family history of T2D, and other cohort-specific variables. Results presented in A were from meta-analysis of all participants. When comparing between racial/ethnic groups in panel B-D, we meta-analyzed the results within each group.
