Fig. 2: Effects of PreA interventions on outpatient workflow, patient-centeredness and care coordination.

a, Histograms and box plots show the distribution consultation duration across the PreA-only (n = 691 participants), PreA-human (n = 689 participants), and No-PreA (n = 689 participants) groups. The center of the box plot represents the median, with the boundaries representing the first and third quartiles. The whiskers represent the furthest data points from the edge of the box within 1.5 × IQR. b, Box plots show patient throughput per shift for participating physicians and nonparticipating physicians based on 80 matched physician pairs. The center of the box plot represents the median, with the boundaries representing the first and third quartiles. The whiskers represent the furthest data points from the edge of the box within 1.5 × IQR. c, Radar plots show the patient-centeredness and care coordination metrics across the PreA-only (n = 691 participants), PreA-human (n = 689 participants) and No-PreA (n = 689 participants) groups, with five patient-reported metrics (ease of communication, physician attentiveness, interpersonal regard, patient satisfaction, and future acceptability) and one specialist-rated metric (care coordination). d, Bar charts show physician feedback at the end-of-shift questionnaires (n = 111 specialists). The left panel presents ratings of clinical decision support, workload reduction and facilitation of patient–physician communication. The right panel details the most valued features among physicians who rated its usefulness in decision-making as favorable or very favorable. The features include Interpretation (diagnostic report interpretation), Recording (efficient medical history elicitation and documentation), Across-discipline (simultaneous access to multiple specialties), Suggestion (preliminary diagnostic suggestions) and Communication (enhanced patient–physician communication skills).