Extended Data Fig. 5: Antibiotic–species associations for bacterial species previously linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Heatmap showing regression coefficients for associations between antibiotic use before fecal sampling and bacterial species previously linked to CRC¹⁴ or IBD⁴⁸. ‘Increased’ or ‘decreased’ indicate the direction of association with the health outcome in models adjusted for age, sex, and BMI; gray boxes indicate no association. When a species linked to CRC or IBD matched multiple subspecies in our data, all corresponding subspecies are shown. The x-axis indicates the period when the antibiotic was used in relation to fecal sampling. Stars denote significant associations (one star = FDR < 5%; two stars = FDR < 1%). Antibiotic–species associations were adjusted for full-model covariates. Amox-clav: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; Penicillins ES: extended-spectrum penicillins; SMZ-TMP: sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim.