Table 1 Study population characteristics

Study	N total	Females, N (%)	Age, years (mean (s.d.))	Cancer type
Discovery dataset:
TCGA-COAD				Colon
Early-onset	31	18 (58)	43 (5)
Late-onset	100	43 (43)	78 (5)
Replication datasets:
TCGA-READ				Rectal
Early-onset	14	6 (43)	44 (6)
Late-onset	30	21 (70)	76 (6)
GSE39958				Rectal
Early-onset	12	3 (25)	45 (7)
Late-onset	9	2 (22)	74 (5)
GSE42752				Colon
Early-onset	4	3 (75)	46 (3)
Late-onset	7	5 (71)	76 (4)
GSE77954				Colorectal
Early-onset	3	3 (100)	48 (1)
Late-onset	10	3 (30)	77 (6)
GSE101764				Colorectal
Early-onset	13	3 (23)	38 (8)
Late-onset	37	13 (35)	76 (5)
GSE131013^a				Colon
Early-onset	2	0 (0)	46 (4)
Late-onset	58	13 (22)	76 (5)
E-MTAB-7036				Colon
Early-onset	18	14 (78)	41 (7)
Late-onset	102	57 (56)	79 (5)
E-MTAB-3027				Colorectal
Early-onset	3	0 (0)	75 (5)
Late-onset	10	4 (10)	41 (7)
GSE199057				Colon
Early-onset	14	7 (50)	44 (6)
Late-onset	9	3 (33)	74 (2)

Early-onset cases are defined as participants younger than 50 years, whereas late-onset cases comprise participants diagnosed at age 70 years and older. Dataset GSE77954 encompasses primary (n = 7) and metastatic samples (n = 6). The early-onset category in GSE131013 and E-MTAB-3027 comprises solely male participants, whereas GSE77954 includes only female participants. Consequently, adjustment for sex was not feasible in these datasets. DNA methylation data was generated using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip, except for GSE199057, which used the EPIC BeadChip array.

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