Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Review Article
  • Published:

Resetting autoimmune disease with CAR cell therapies

Nature Medicine (2026) Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Pathogenic B cell activation underlies many autoimmune diseases (AIDs), and their depletion is an attractive therapeutic approach. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing cells—initially developed and successfully used to treat certain cancers—are increasingly being developed to selectively deplete B cells and ‘reset’ the immune system in AIDs. In this Review, we survey this fast-developing field, providing insights on the current unmet needs in the treatment of AIDs and how CAR T cells could address these needs. In particular, we explore the concept of deep B cell depletion, discuss the currently available technologies and review the key targets (CD19 and B cell maturation antigen) relevant for the treatment of AIDs. We summarize current evidence on the efficacy, safety, risks and limitations of autologous and allogeneic CAR T cells in this setting. Finally, we discuss the future outlook—from a technological and clinical standpoint—for development of engineered CAR-expressing cell therapies for AIDs.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on SpringerLink
  • Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Fig. 1: Contribution of B cells in AIDs.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 2: CAR-expressing cell therapy in AIDs.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Fig. 3: Double-cone model of immune reset in AID.
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Arbuckle, M. R. et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1526–1533 (2003).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Schett, G., Nagy, G., Krönke, G. & Mielenz, D. B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 1409–1420 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barnett, L. G. et al. B cell antigen presentation in the initiation of follicular helper T cell and germinal center differentiation. J. Immunol. 192, 3607–3617 (2014).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Uzzan, M. et al. Ulcerative colitis is characterized by a plasmablast-skewed humoral response associated with disease activity. Nat. Med. 28, 766–779 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Livanos, A. E. et al. Anti-Integrin αvβ6 Autoantibodies are a novel biomarker that antedate ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 164, 619–629 (2023).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Duddy, M. et al. Distinct effector cytokine profiles of memory and naive human B-cell subsets and implication in multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol. 178, 6092–6099 (2007).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Rosser, E. C. & Mauri, C. Regulatory B-cells: origin, phenotype, and function. Immunity 42, 607–612 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Schett, G., McInnes, I. B. & Neurath, M. F. Reframing immune-mediated inflammatory diseases through signature cytokine hubs. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 628–639 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Furie, R. A. et al. Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in active lupus nephritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 392, 1471–1483 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sullivan, K. M. et al. Myeloablative autologous stem-cell transplantation for severe scleroderma. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 35–47 (2018).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kochenderfer, J. N. et al. Eradication of B-lineage cells and regression of lymphoma in a patient treated with autologous T cells genetically engineered to recognize CD19. Blood 116, 4099–4102 (2010).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Porter, D. L., Levine, B. L., Kalos, M., Bagg, A. & June, C. H. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 725–733 (2011).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Davenport, A. J. et al. CAR-T-cells inflict sequential killing of multiple tumor target cells. Cancer Immunol. Res. 3, 483–494 (2015).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mujtahedi, S. S. et al. Bone marrow derived long-lived plasma cell phenotypes are heterogeneous and can change in culture. Transpl. Immunol. 75, 101726 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Flores-Montero, J. et al. Immunophenotype of normal vs. myeloma plasma cells: toward antibody panel specifications for MRD detection in multiple myeloma. Cytometry B Clin. Cytom. 90, 61–72 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mackensen, A. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Med. 28, 2124–2132 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Muller, F. et al. CD19 CAR T-Cell therapy in autoimmune disease – a case series with follow-up. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 687–700 (2024).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kansal, R. et al. Sustained B cell depletion by CD19-targeted CAR T cells is a highly effective treatment for murine lupus. Sci. Transl. Med. 11, eaav1648 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Mougiakakos, D. et al. T cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 567–569 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Nicholson, I. C. et al. Construction and characterisation of a functional CD19 specific single chain Fv fragment for immunotherapy of B lineage leukaemia and lymphoma. Mol. Immunol. 34, 1157–1165 (1997).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang, W. et al. BCMA-CD19 compound CAR T cells for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 open-label clinical trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 1304–1314 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang, Y. et al. Preliminary safety and efficacy of relmacabtagene autoleucel (relma-cel) in adults with moderately to severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase I dose-escalation study. J. Autoimmun. 157, 103489 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Feng, J. et al. Co-infusion of CD19-targeting and BCMA-targeting CAR-T cells for treatment-refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 trial. Nat. Med. 31, 3725–3736 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gerber, J. M. et al. Successful autologous CD19 CAR T cell therapy following severe lupus flare during immunosuppressive washout in refractory lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci. Med. 12, e001742 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Shu, J. et al. Safety and clinical efficacy of Relmacabtagene autoleucel (relma-cel) for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 open-label clinical trial. EClinicalMedicine 83, 103229 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bergmann, C. et al. Treatment of a patient with severe systemic sclerosis (SSc) using CD19-targeted CAR T cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1117–1120 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Auth, J. et al. CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis: a case series. Lancet Rheumatol. 7, 83–93 (2025).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Merkt, W. et al. Third-generation CD19.CAR-T cell-containing combination therapy in Scl70+ systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 543–546 (2024).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Müller, F. et al. CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory antisynthetase syndrome. Lancet 401, 815–818 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lidar, M. et al. CD-19 CAR-T cells for polyrefractory rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 84, 370–372 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Haghikia, A. et al. Clinical efficacy and autoantibody seroconversion with CD19-CAR T cell therapy in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and coexisting myasthenia gravis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 83, 1597–1598 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Minopoulou, I. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy induces antibody seroconversion and complete B cell depletion in the bone marrow of a therapy-refractory patient with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 84, e4–e7 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Qin, C. et al. Anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Cell 188, 6414–6423 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fischbach, F. et al. CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis. Med 5, 550–558 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Haghikia, A., Hegelmaier, T. & Wolleschak, D. Anti-CD19 CAR T cells for refractory myasthenia gravis. Lancet Neurol. 22, 1104–1105 (2023).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang, Y. et al. Bispecific BCMA/CD19 targeted CAR-T cell therapy forces sustained disappearance of symptoms and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in refractory myasthenia gravis: a case report. J. Neurol. 271, 4655–4659 (2024).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang, Y. et al. Anti-BCMA/CD19 CAR T cell therapy in patients with refractory generalized myasthenia gravis: a single-arm, phase 1 trial. EClinicalMedicine 90, 103621 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Chahin, N. et al. Durability of response to B-cell maturation antigen-directed mRNA cell therapy in myasthenia gravis. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 12, 2358–2366 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Motte, J. et al. Treatment of concomitant myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome with autologous CD19-targeted CAR T cells. Neuron 112, 1757–1763 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Qin, C. et al. Anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy CT103A in relapsed or refractory AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: phase 1 trial interim results. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 5 (2023).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Faissner, S. et al. Successful use of anti-CD19 CAR T cells in severe treatment-refractory stiff-person syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2403227121 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Hegelmaier, T. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in treatment-refractory DAGLA antibody-associated encephalitis. Med 6, 100776 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Müller, F. et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in multidrug-resistant ulcerative colitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 1239–1241 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Trautmann-Grill, K. et al. Salvage treatment of multi-refractory primary immune thrombocytopenia with CD19 CAR T cells. Lancet 405, 25–28 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Li, M. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T Cells in refractory immune thrombocytopenia of SLE. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 376–378 (2024).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Krickau, T. et al. CAR T-cell therapy rescues adolescent with rapidly progressive lupus nephritis from haemodialysis. Lancet 403, 1627–1630 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. De Benedetti, F., Diomedi Camassei, F. & Locatelli, F. CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 1629 (2024).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Nicolai, R. et al. Autologous CD19-targeting CAR T cells in a patient with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 76, 1560–1565 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. He, X. et al. Treatment of two pediatric patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus using CD19-targeted CAR T-cells. Autoimmun. Rev. 24, 103692 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Becilli, M. et al. Anti-CD19 CAR T cells for pediatric patients with treatment-refractory autoimmune diseases. Nat. Med. 32, 1105–1117 (2026).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Muller, F. et al. Safety and preliminary efficacy of zorpocabtagene-autoleucel in systemic autoimmune diseases. Nat. Med. (2026, in press).

  52. Mao, Y. et al. Bicistronic-CD19/22 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for childhood refractory lupus nephritis. Kid. Int. Rep. 13, 53–61 (2025).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Greco, R. et al. Innovative cellular therapies for autoimmune diseases: expert-based position statement and clinical practice recommendations from the EBMT practice harmonization and guidelines committee. EClinicalMedicine 69, 102476 (2024).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Hsieh, E. W. Y. et al. Key considerations for advancing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a multi-partner/disciplinary working group perspective. RMD Open 11, e005866 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Müller, F. et al. BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells. Nat. Med. 31, 1793–1797 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Wang, X. et al. Allogeneic CD19-targeted CAR-T therapy in patients with severe myositis and systemic sclerosis. Cell 187, 4890–4904 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang, X. et al. An iPSC-derived CD19/BCMA CAR-NK therapy in a patient with systemic sclerosis. Cell 188, 4225–4238 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wang, X. et al. Allogeneic CD19-targeting T cells for treatment-refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 trial. Nat. Med. 31, 3713–3724 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Wang, D. et al. Allogeneic CD19-targeted CAR-T therapy in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus achieved durable remission. Med 6, 100749 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Gao, J. et al. Efficacy and safety of allogeneic CD19 CAR NK-cell therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case series in China. Lancet 406, 2968–2979 (2026).

  61. Lee, D. W. et al. ASTCT consensus grading for cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicity associated with immune effector cells. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 25, 625–638 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Rejeski, K. et al. Immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity: EHA/EBMT consensus grading and best practice recommendations. Blood 142, 865–877 (2023).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Fried, S. et al. Early and late hematologic toxicity following CD19 CAR-T cells. Bone Marrow Transplant. 54, 1643–1650 (2019).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Müller, F. et al. Comparison of the safety profiles of CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in patients with SLE and B-cell lymphoma. Blood 146, 1088–1095 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hagen, M. et al. Local immune effector cell-associated toxicity syndrome in CAR T-cell treated patients with autoimmune disease: an observational study. Lancet Rheumatol. 7, 424–433 (2025).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Yafasova, A. et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 77, 1717–1727 (2021).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tamirou, F. et al. Brief Report: The Euro-lupus low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide regimen does not impact the ovarian reserve, as measured by serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone. Arthritis Rheumatol. 69, 1267–1271 (2017).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ghilardi, G. et al. T cell lymphoma and secondary primary malignancy risk after commercial CAR T cell therapy. Nat. Med. 30, 984–989 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hamilton, M. P. et al. Risk of second tumors and T-cell lymphoma after CAR T-cell therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 390, 2047–2060 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Chihara, D., Dores, G. M., Flowers, C. R. & Morton, L. M. The bidirectional increased risk of B-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma. Blood 138, 785–789 (2021).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Tur, C. et al. CD19-CAR T-cell therapy induces deep tissue depletion of B cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 84, 106–114 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tur, C. et al. Effects of different B-cell-depleting strategies on the lymphatic tissue. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 84, 2065–2074 (2025).

  73. Wilhelm, A. et al. Selective CAR T cell-mediated B cell depletion suppresses IFN signature in SLE. JCI Insight 9, e179433 (2024).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Garantziotis, P. et al. Differential molecular signatures in response to CD19-CAR T cell therapy compared with conventional pharmacotherapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 85, 153–163 (2025).

  75. Taubmann, J. et al. Effects of CD19 CAR T cell therapy on quality of life and direct healthcare costs in systemic lupus erythematosus: a preliminary analysis. J. Rheumatol. 53, 33–37 (2025).

  76. Hunter, T. L. et al. In vivo CAR T cell generation to treat cancer and autoimmune disease. Science 388, 1311–1317 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wang, Q. et al. In vivo CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 1542–1544 (2025).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Xu, J. et al. In-vivo B cell maturation antigen CAR T-cell therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Lancet 406, 228–231 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Fu, Y. et al. Genetically modified CD19-targeting IL-15 secreting NK cells for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 84, 1811–1821 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Li, Y. et al. Fourth-generation chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is tolerable and efficacious in treatment-resistant rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Res. 35, 220–223 (2025).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Cappione, A. J., Pugh-Bernard, A. E., Anolik, J. H. & Sanz, I. Lupus IgG VH4.34 antibodies bind to a 220 kDa glycoform of CD45/B220 on the surface of human B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 172, 4298–4307 (2004).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Ellebrecht, C. T. et al. Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease. Science 353, 179–184 (2016).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Cohen, I. J. et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells against IGHV4-34 B cell receptor specifically eliminate neoplastc and autoimmune B cells. Sci. Transl. Med. 18, eadr9382 (2026).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rurik, J. G. et al. CAR T cells produced in vivo to treat cardiac injury. Science 375, 91–96 (2022).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Britanova, O. V. et al. Targeted depletion of TRBV9+ T cells as immunotherapy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Nat. Med. 29, 2731–2736 (2023).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Rosado-Sánchez, I. et al. Tregs integrate native and CAR-mediated costimulatory signals for control of allograft rejection. JCI Insight 8, e167215 (2023).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Doglio, M. et al. Regulatory T cells expressing CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor restore homeostasis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Commun. 15, 2542 (2024).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Kohler M., et al. A phase 1 study of autologous CAR-Treg cells in refractory rheumatoid arthritis: interim report of safety and efficacy. In ACR Convergence 2025 Abstract LB23 (ACR, 2025).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine 3- Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

    Georg Schett

  2. Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany

    Georg Schett

  3. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, National Key Laboratory for Immunity and Inflammation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, P. R. China

    Huji Xu

Authors
  1. Georg Schett
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huji Xu
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

G.S. and H.X. wrote the draft version and G.S. revised the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Georg Schett.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

G.S. received speaker honoraria from BMS, Cabaletta, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Kyverna, Novartis, Orbital and UCB. H.X. declares no competing interests.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Medicine thanks Melissa Griffith, He Huang and Marco Ruella for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editor: Karen O’Leary, in collaboration with the Nature Medicine team.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schett, G., Xu, H. Resetting autoimmune disease with CAR cell therapies. Nat Med (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04430-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Version of record:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04430-6

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing