Extended Data Fig. 7: EEG during the resting state runs.

(A) Example of a single subject resting-state EEG signal after sleep deprivation, recorded from channel POz, collected inside the fMRI scanner. As the subject slowly drifted from wakefulness to sleep, alpha activity (8-12 Hz) began to disappear (around 100 s) and low-frequency activity emerged. (B) NREM sleep in both well-rested and sleep-deprived conditions exhibited higher EEG low-frequency power (slow wave activity: 0.5-4 Hz) compared with the awake state. Data are presented as mean values ± standard error across segments.