Extended Data Fig. 10: Power spectral densities by region and condition.

a, Time points (1 h each) used for comparison. b, Mean power spectral density (PSD) and 95% confidence interval, colored by condition according to a. c, Comparisons between PSD in b, expressed as percent change. For example, NREM rebound (dark purple) is the percent change in early recovery NREM power spectral density relative to late baseline NREM. All comparisons are performed within-subject before averaging. Shaded regions show 95% confidence intervals. For space reasons, all data presented are from novelty experiments. No qualitative differences were observed for locomotion or dual experiments. As expected, the largest modulation is of cortical low frequencies, being ~150–200% higher in early recovery sleep than in late (circadian-matched) baseline sleep. The next largest modulation is of ripple power in the stratum pyramidale, being ~ 50–150% higher in early recovery sleep than in late baseline sleep, and of low frequencies in the stratum oriens, being ~50–80% higher in early recovery sleep than in late baseline sleep. Rebound in hippocampal high frequencies is more moderate (~20–40%) elsewhere.