Extended Data Fig. 1: Examples of single-unit activity during NREM sleep associated with sharp waves (SPWs) and dentate spikes (DSs).

a, Subset of thalamic, neocortical, and subcortical regions from the full dataset is shown, chosen to illustrate diversity of modulation. In 11 of 16 subjects, additional Neuropixel probes were implanted in more anterior and/or posterior regions of the brain, including frontal and visual cortical areas and striatum. Hippocampal pyramidal cells, narrow interneurons, and wide interneurons were classified on the basis of their NREM waveform and autocorrelogram shapes¹⁰². Perievent time histograms were computed using 25 ms bins for windows extending ±10 s around each event, then Z-scored relative to this entire window. Only cells that could be tracked continuously for the full 48 h of experiments featuring sleep deprivation with novel object exposure are shown, ±1 s around event, shaded regions represent standard error of the mean. CA1 (n = 20), CA3 (n = 45), DG (dentate gyrus; n = 35). b, Same for thalamic single units. Po (posterior medial nucleus; n = 298), LP (lateral posterior nucleus; n = 182), VPM (ventral posterior medial nucleus; n = 126), CL (central lateral nucleus; n = 44), LD (lateral dorsal nucleus; n = 26). c, Same for neocortex. PPC (parietal association cortex; n = 72), M2 (secondary motor cortex; n = 275), PrL (prelimbic cortex; n = 234), Cg1 (cingulate area 1; n = 81), VO (ventral orbital cortex; n = 54), MO (medial orbital cortex; n = 49), IL (infralimbic cortex; n = 38), V2 (secondary visual cortex; n = 28). d, Same for CPu (caudate putamen; n = 30), CLA (claustrum; n = 58), BRF (brainstem reticular formation; n = 36), ZI (zona incerta; n = 36) and OB (olfactory bulb; n = 21).