Extended Data Fig. 2: Comparison of sleep architecture by experiment type (novelty and locomotion).

a, Proportion of total time spent in each state (‘fractional occupancy’). There are no significant differences between novelty (n = 16 subjects) and locomotion (n = 8 subjects) experiments in baseline or recovery. b, Same data, but presented to facilitate comparison between baseline and recovery. Sleep deprivation in both experiments induces similar increases in NREM occupancy, and novelty also increases time spent in REM sleep. Black bars represent significant differences, assessed using general linear hypothesis tests on mixed effects models. Gray bars indicate that either a main effect or post hoc test was nonsignificant. The gray dot in a indicates a p-value between 0.05 and 0.1. All tests were two-sided and corrected for multiple comparisons (see Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Information, and Methods for details). Boxplots show medians and quartiles. Whiskers are drawn to the farthest datapoint within 1.5 IQRs from the nearest hinge. c, Mean cumulative distribution functions for bout duration, separated by sleep stage (columns), experiment type (row) and presleep or postsleep deprivation (color), with 95% confidence intervals. Sleep deprivation in both novelty and locomotion experiments produces a clear rightward shift of NREM bout duration, and locomotion results in longer REM bouts without changes in time spent in REM sleep (b).