Table 3 Vegetation indices selected in this study.

EVI (Enhanced Vegetation Index)

\(EVI=2.5\times ({\rho }_{NIR}-{\rho }_{RED})/({\rho }_{NIR}+6\times {\rho }_{RED}-7.5\times {\rho }_{BLUE}+1)\)

⁷²

NIRv (Near-Infrared Reflectance of vegetation)

\({NIRv}={\rho }_{{NIR}}\times {NDVI}={\rho }_{{NIR}}\times ({\rho }_{{NIR}}-{\rho }_{{RED}})/({\rho }_{{NIR}}+{\rho }_{{RED}})\)

⁷³

NDPI (Normalized Difference Phenology Index)

\({NDPI}=\frac{{\rho }_{{NIR}}-\left(\alpha \times {\rho }_{{RED}}+\left(1-\alpha \right)\times {\rho }_{{SWIR}}\right)}{{\rho }_{{NIR}}+\left(\alpha \times {\rho }_{{RED}}+\left(1-\alpha \right)\times {\rho }_{{SWIR}}\right)},\alpha =0.74\)

⁷⁴

GCVI (Green Chlorophyll Vegetation Index)

\({GCVI}=\frac{{\rho }_{{NIR}}}{{\rho }_{{GREEN}}}-1\)

⁷⁵

SAVI (Soil-adjusted Vegetation Index)

\({SAVI}=\frac{{\rho }_{{NIR}}-{\rho }_{{RED}}}{({\rho }_{{NIR}}+{\rho }_{{RED}}+L)}(1+L),L=0.5\)

⁷⁶

LSWI (Land Surface Water Index)

\({LSWI}=\frac{{\rho }_{{NIR}}-{\rho }_{{SWIR}}}{{\rho }_{{NIR}}+{\rho }_{{SWIR}}}\)

⁷⁷

CIVE (Color Index of Vegetation)

\({CIVE}=0.441{\rho }_{{RED}}-0.881{\rho }_{{GREEN}}+0.385{\rho }_{{BLUE}}+18.78745\)

⁷⁸

WI (Woebbecke Index)

\({WI}=\frac{{\rho }_{{GREEN}}-{\rho }_{{BLUE}}}{{\rho }_{{RED}}-{\rho }_{{GREEN}}}\)

⁷⁹

ExG (Excess Green)

\({ExG}=2{\rho }_{{GREEN}}-{\rho }_{{RED}}-{\rho }_{{BLUE}}\)

⁷⁹

NGRDI (Normalized Green-red Difference Index)

\({NGRDI}=\frac{{\rho }_{{GREEN}}-{\rho }_{{RED}}}{{\rho }_{{GREEN}}+{\rho }_{{RED}}}\)

⁸⁰