Table 1 Details of outcrop locations, host lithology, and relevant literature for various geological sites.

Aurisina quarry, Aurisina-Duino, Trieste, Italy.

45°5′26.4″N 13°9′13.1″E

The outcrop has bedding-parallel stylolites dipping southwest. Despite evident anthropogenic cuts, normal faults and fractures, often highlighted by karst features, are still recognizable.

Cretaceous limestone with abundant rudists (Aurisina limestones)

Consorti et al.⁵⁹: Description of Aurisina Formation Jurkovšek et al.⁶⁰: General geological context

Bagnoli Quarry at Mt. Carso, San Dorligo della Valle, Trieste, Italy.

45°6′49.8″N 13°1′39.2″E

The quarry is at the axial portion of an asymmetric anticline with an overturned forelimb. The outcrop is intensely fractured and features stylolites and cleavages.

Eocene shallow-water limestones with large foraminifera: miliolids, Alveolina, Nummulites

Jurkovšek et al.⁶⁰: General geological context Consorti et al.⁵⁹: 3D model study of nearby stratigraphy

Balmuccia peridotites, Val Sesia, Italy.

45°9′14.9″N 8°9′22.0″E

The outcrop features faults, fractures, two generations of pseudotachylyte veins, and dykes of at least two compositions.

Ultrabasic rocks of the Balmuccia peridotites

Quick et al.⁶¹: Description of mafic complex Souquière and Fabbri, 2010⁶²: Two generations of pseudotachylyte Menegoni et al.⁶³: Structural elements from 3D model

Cava Scoria, Trieste, Italy.

45°7′37.6″N 13°1′04.9″E

The study area, formed by a compressional tectonic regime, lies in the frontal area of the Karst anticline, the NW extent of the Dinarides. Discontinuities include faults, bedding-parallel stylolites, cleavages, and fractures.

Eocene shallow-water limestones with large foraminifera: miliolids, Alveolina, Nummulites

Jurkovšek et al.⁶⁰: General geological context Consorti et al.⁵⁹: 3D model study of nearby stratigraphy

Maghlaq fault, Malta.

35°9′24.9″N 14°6′18.9″E

The WNW-ESE Maghlaq Fault in southern Malta is a normal fault with a vertical separation of over 210 meters. It brings the Upper Coralline Limestone into contact with the Lower Coralline Limestone and resulted from N-S extension. The fault plane features striations and fractures.

Lower Coralline Limestone Formation (Oligocene)

Dart et al.⁶⁴ Bonson et al.⁶⁵ Martinelli et al.⁶⁶

San Lorenzo quarry, San Dorligo della Valle, Trieste, Italy.

45°7′36.0″N 13°1′32.5″E

The study area, formed by a compressional tectonic regime, is in the frontal Karst anticline, the NW extent of the Dinarides. Discontinuities include faults, bedding-parallel stylolites, cleavages, and fractures.

Eocene shallow-water limestones with large foraminifera: miliolids, Alveolina, Nummulites

Consorti et al.⁵⁹: 3D model study of nearby stratigraphy Jurkovšek et al.⁶⁰: General geological context

Torrioni Monrupino, Monrupino, Trieste, Italy.

45°2′58.5″N 13°8′16.6″E

The outcrop, formed by the chemical dissolution of carbonates by meteoric waters, is characterized by numerous fractures and wavy bedding.

Alternating limestone-dolomite layers with fossiliferous dark limestone levels (mudstone, wackestone, packstone) with radiolitids and Chondrodonta joannae (Cenomanian)

Jurkovšek et al.⁶⁰: General geological context

Villa Giulia park, Trieste, Italy.

45°9′52.4″N 13°7′30.4″E

Foredeep siliciclastic deposits from the Dinarid orogeny are present. The outcrop features flysch deposits affected by normal faulting, slumping, and post-orogenic fracturing.

Flysch units: sandstones and marls of Lutetian age

Jurkovšek et al.⁶⁰: General geological context

Vliziana, Xiromero, Greece.

38°8′32.9″N 21°5′14.5″E

The outcrop features sub-vertical bedding surfaces of calcareous resediments, two orthogonal fracture sets, stylolites, and stylolite-perpendicular veins. Normal faults with a throw of less than 1 meter, rotated along with the bedding, are also observed.

Paleocene-Eocene resedimented limestones

Tavani et al.⁶⁷: Early-orogenic deformation in the Ionian zone of the Hellenides

Wadi al Muaydin, Birkat Al-Mouz, Oman.

22°8′42.70″N 57°0′14.96″E

The study area is in southern Jabal Akhdar Dome, Oman Mountains, at the entrance to Wadi Al-Muaydin, featuring large non-layerbound systematic joints.

Natih Formation: Cretaceous aged (Albian to Turonian) shallow marine, commonly organic rich limestones

Mattern et al.⁶⁸: Detailed description of the Natih Formation Searle et al.⁶⁹: Tectonic evolution of Oman Mountains

Wadi Bih, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates.

25°8′11.2″N 56°5′18.3″E

The study area, in the northern Oman Mountains thrust-and-fold belt, features Late Cretaceous ophiolite obduction and Cenozoic thrusting from the Zagros collision. The outcrop is pervasively fractured with various joints, including layer-bound, non-layer-bound, bedding plane joints, and stylolites.

Dolomitized early to middle Triassic mud-dominated carbonates of the Ghail Formation

Maurer et al.⁷⁰: Sedimentology of the Ghail Formation Searle et al.⁶⁹: Tectonic evolution of Oman Mountains