Fig. 12

Comparison of cropland activity between the ARCC10-IM dataset and ChinaCUI10m in Inner Mongolia (2018–2021). Sentinel-2 false-color composite images are used in the background, generated from GEE by averaging data between June 15 and August 15, which corresponds to the peak growth period before crop harvesting. In the false-color images, gray-green areas represent fallow croplands where no crops are present, while bright red areas indicate active croplands with significant vegetation cover.