Fig. 2

Classification of global mangrove carbon accumulation based on land use change from 2000 to 2020. E represents the change in mangrove spatial distribution between years. For example, ‘E0007’ refers to mangrove distribution data for 2007 minus that for 2000. When overlaying distribution data for two years, three possible outcomes will emerge: ‘og’ (1), ‘ol’ (−1), and ‘nolg’ (0). Specifically, ‘og’ represents areas with mangrove gain (coded as 1); ‘ol’ indicates areas of only loss (coded as −1); ‘nolg’ indicates areas with no mangrove change (coded as 0). Besides, when distribution data for consecutive years are overlaid, ‘lg’ indicates areas with both gains and losses, with a code range of (−1,0,1).