Table 2 Predictors and target data for SM modelling.

Dynamic

Volumetric soil moisture

ERA5-land³²

9-km, hourly.

Daily records obtained from reanalysis

Soil temperature

Vegetation Index

MODIS (https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/products/mod13c1v061/)

0.05°, 16-days.

NDVI, EVI from Modis products

Soil moisture from upper layer

SMRFR⁶⁹

9-km, daily.

ML-based soil moisture from this study

Static

Soil type

SoilGrids V2.0⁸⁴

250 m

Clay, sand, silt fractions and bulk density

Filed capacity

OpenLandMap (https://stac.openlandmap.org/)

250 m

Calculated filed capacity at each grid cell

Topography

GTOPO30 (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eros/science)

1 km

Elevation, slope, longitude and latitude

Target

In-situ soil moisture

ISMN²⁰ (https://ismn.earth/en/)

Point scale, hourly.

In-situ soil moisture at various depth