Fig. 1

Disease symptoms caused by Agroathelia rolfsii strain LC1 on field and potted Coptis chinensis, and colony morphology of LC1 on PDA. (a) Southern blight symptoms on field-grown C. chinensis infected by strain LC1. Dense white mycelia and sclerotia are observed on the left, accompanied by plant death, while healthy leaves appear on the right. (b, c) Pathogenicity assay on potted C. chinensis. (b) Mock-inoculated control plants at 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), showing no symptoms. (c) Inoculated plants at 10 dpi showing severe wilting and death. (d–f) Colony morphology of A. rolfsii strain LC1 on PDA at different time points: (d) 4 dpi, (e) 8 dpi, and (f) 10 dpi, with visible sclerotia formation.