Fig. 14

Explanations for the failures of Plastic-mulched farmland (PMF) mapping caused by data missing and cloud contamination. (a–c) Percentage of clear-sky observations at each cropland pixel during the mulching stage in Qingyang, Henan, and Qinghai. (d–f) Harmonic regression curves of PMF in Qingyang, Henan, and Qinghai for the year 2019, 2020, and 2021. The gray buffer represents mulching period. The black, green, and red buffers indicate one standard deviation. (g) A representative example in Qinghai for depicting the adverse effects of snow and clouds on PMF mapping.