Fig. 6

Averaged validation metrics by network: (a) R2, (b) ubRMSE, and (c) MAE for the 400 m, 1 km, and 9 km SMAP SM datasets at descending overpass time (6:00 a.m.) from 31 ISMN SM networks (2015–2023).

Averaged validation metrics by network: (a) R2, (b) ubRMSE, and (c) MAE for the 400 m, 1 km, and 9 km SMAP SM datasets at descending overpass time (6:00 a.m.) from 31 ISMN SM networks (2015–2023).