Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants.

From: Association between eating behavior and poor glycemic control in Japanese adults

Variables

All (n = 5479)

Skipping breakfast

Eating speed

<3 times/week (n = 4950)

≥3 times/week (n = 529)

Slowly or medium (n = 3203)

fast (n = 2276)

Male (%)

3380 (61.7)

3003 (60.7)

377 (71.3)*

1844 (57.6)

1536 (67.5)†

Age (years)

49 (45, 54)

49 (45, 54)

48 (44, 53)*

49 (44, 54)

49 (45, 53)

Brinkman index

0 (0, 300)

0 (0, 280)

200 (0, 500)*

0 (0, 290)

0 (0, 340)†

BMI (kg/m2)

22.4 (20.4, 24.6)

22.3 (20.4, 24.5)

22.9 (20.9, 25.3)*

21.8 (20.0, 23.8)

23.2 (21.3, 25.6)†

HbA1c (%)

5.4 (5.2, 5.5)

5.4 (5.2, 5.5)

5.3 (5.2, 5.5)*

5.3 (5.2, 5.5)

5.4 (5.2, 5.6)†

Regular exercise habitsb

1054 (19.2)

977 (19.7)

77 (14.6)*

593 (18.5)

461 (20.3)

Walking speedc

2659 (48.5)

2402 (48.5)

257 (48.6)

1776 (55.4)

883 (38.8)†

Drinking habitsd

1417 (25.9)

1249 (25.2)

168 (31.8)*

821 (25.6)

596 (26.2)

Dinner within 2 hours of bedtime ≥3 times/weekb

1800 (32.9)

1519 (30.7)

281 (53.1)*

915 (28.6)

885 (38.9)†

Eating snacks after dinner ≥3 times/weekb

1049 (19.1)

923 (18.6)

126 (23.8)*

531 (16.6)

518 (22.8)†

  1. Continuous variables are expressed as median (first quartile, third quartile).
  2. aMale (percentage of male); byes (percentage of yes); cslowly (percentage of slowly); devery day (percentage of every day).
  3. *p < 0.05, compared with the participants who skip breakfast <3 times/day, using the chi-square test or the Mann-Whitney U test.
  4. †p < 0.05, compared with the participants who eat slowly or medium, using the chi-square test or the Mann-Whitney U test.
  5. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.
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