Table 2 Occurrence and persistence of stunting among children of young mothers aged 14–24 years old with repeated pregnancies.

From: Stunting of children under two from repeated pregnancy among young mothers

Predictors

Length-for-age Z-scored

Stunting occurrencee

Persistence of stuntingcf

12 monthsa

24 monthsb

12 monthsa

24 monthsb

Persistent

Late Incident

Recovered

Number of past pregnancies (repeated pregnancies)

Univariate

− 0.15

(− 0.21,− 0.10; < 0.001)

− 0.20

(− 0.26,− 0.15; < 0.001)

1.28

(1.16, 1.43; < 0.001)

1.37

(1.23, 1.54; < 0.001)

1.49

(1.31, 1.71; < 0.001)

1.29

(1.12, 1.49; < 0.001)

1.00

(0.73, 1.39; 0.980)

Multivariate

− 0.16

(− 0.24,− 0.09; < 0.001)

− 0.15

(− 0.23,− 0.08; < 0.001)

1.40

(1.19, 1.67; < 0.001)

1.25

(1.04, 1.50; 0.016)

1.51

(1.21, 1.88; < 0.001)

1.12

(0.90, 1.40; 0.298)

1.40

(0.89, 2.18; 0.122)

Low birthweight

Univariate

− 0.69

(− 0.90,− 0.48; < 0.001)

− 0.68

(− 0.89,− 0.46; < 0.001)

2.49

(1.68, 3.68; < 0.001)

2.42

(1.56, 3.77; < 0.001)

3.29

(2.02, 5.37; < 0.001)

1.52

(0.86, 2.68; 0.146)

1.09

(0.31, 3.79; 0.894)

Multivariate

− 0.57

(− 0.79,− 0.36; < 0.001)

− 0.49

(− 0.71,− 0.78; < 0.001)

2.52

(1.55, 4.10; < 0.001)

2.10

(1.23, 3.59; 0.006)

3.41

(1.83, 6.37; < 0.001)

1.35

(0.70, 2.62; 0.370)

1.05

(0.27, 4.04; 0.939)

Index child breastfed within 24 h after delivery

Univariate

− 0.20

(− 0.34, 0.07; 0.004)

− 0.21

(− 0.35,− 0.07; 0.003)

1.40

(1.08, 1.81; 0.011)

1.67

(1.06, 1.77; 0.018)

1.55

(1.15, 2.10; 0.004)

1.19

(0.86, 1.64; 0.282)

1.15

(0.58, 2.27; 0.680)

Multivariate

− 0.12

(− 0.27, 0.03; 0.121)

− 0.04

(− 0.19, 0.11; 0.583)

1.42

(1.01, 2.03; 0.045)

1.06

(0.75, 1.50; 0.759)

1.35

(0.89, 2.06; 0.163)

0.87

(0.58, 1.32; 0.523)

1.36

(0.57, 3.26; 0.485)

Index child consistently breastfed until 6 months

Univariate

0.10

(− 0.04, 0.23; 0.169)

− 0.03

(− 0.16, 0.11; 0.695)

0.85

(0.65, 1.09; 0.196)

1.35

(1.05, 1.73; 0.019)

1.09

(0.81, 1.46; 0.561)

1.61

(1.17, 2.22; 0.003)

0.63

(0.32, 1.23; < 0.001)

Multivariate

− 0.34

(− 0.68, − 0.01; 0.048)

− 0.51

(− 0.84, − 0.18; 0.003)

1.69

(0.74, 3.89; 0.214)

3.02

(1.41, 6.49; 0.005)

3.97

(1.34, 11.72; 0.013)

1.86

(0.78, 4.44; 0.165)

0.30

(0.08, 1.16; 0.081)

Index child breastfed at 12 months

Univariate

0.13

(− 0.01, 0.27; 0.061)

0.01

(− 0.13, 0.15; 0.849)

0.82

(0.63, 1.06; 0.122)

1.23

(0.95, 1.58; 0.115)

1.00

(0.74, 1.34; 0.987)

1.55

(1.12, 2.16; 0.008)

0.84

(0.43, 1.63; 0.609)

Multivariate

0.65

(0.30, 0.99; < 0.001)

0.73

(0.39, 1.07; < 0.001)

0.34

(0.15, 0.80; 0.014)

0.33

(.15, 0.72; 0.006)

0.17

(0.06, 0.51; 0.002)

0.67

(0.27, 1.66; 0.939)

1.63

(0.42, 6.36; 0.482)

Index child given semi-/solid foods between 6 and 8 months of ageb

Univariate

0.45

(0.08, 0.82; 0.017)

0.42

(0.05, 0.78; 0.028)

0.41

(0.21, 0.82; 0.011)

0.58

(0.27, 1.21; 0.143)

0.38

(0.17, 0.89; 0.025)

0.85

(0.30, 2.36; 0.750)

0.41

(0.08, 2.00; 0.269)

Multivariate

0.59

(0.17, 1.00; 0.006)

0.68

(0.27, 1.08; 0.001)

0.31

(0.12, 0.80; 0.015)

0.26

(0.08, 0.82; 0.021)

0.19

(0.05, 0.66; 0.009)

0.68

(0.17, 2.71; 0.586)

Not enough cases

  1. aThe multivariate model was adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, partner’s age, socio-economic characteristics, offspring diarrhoea at 12 months, pregnancy complications, and antenatal visits, and sex of the index child.
  2. bThe multivariate model was adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, partner’s age, socio-economic characteristics, offspring diarrhoea at 24 months, pregnancy complications, antenatal visits, and sex of the index child.
  3. cThe multivariate model was adjusted for maternal age, maternal height, partner’s age, socio-economic characteristics, offspring diarrhoea at 12 and 24 months, pregnancy complications, antenatal visits, and sex of the index child; Reference group for outcome is ‘Normal’.
  4. dEstimates are in mean difference (95% confidence interval; p value).
  5. eEstimates are in odds ratio (95% confidence interval; p value).
  6. fEstimates are in relative risk ratio (95% confidence interval; p value).
  7. Bold values are statistically significant
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