Table 3 Association between circulating retinol, α- and γ-tocopherol and glioma risk in the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study.

From: Pre-diagnostic circulating concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and risk of glioma in three cohort studies

 

All glioma

Glioblastoma

Number of glioma cases

RR (95% CI)1

Number of glioma cases

RR (95% CI)1

Retinol

Tertile2

 1

24

1 (ref)

15

1 (ref)

 2

30

1.10 (0.55–2.21)

22

1.80 (0.75–4.34)

 3

30

1.16 (0.56–2.38)

17

1.26 (0.50–3.14)

 ptrend3

 

0.70

 

0.81

Continuous4

84

1.12 (0.85–1.48)

54

1.15 (0.81–1.65)

α-tocopherol

Tertile5

 1

34

1 (ref)

22

1 (ref)

 2

25

0.71 (0.36–1.39)

16

0.57 (0.24–1.33)

 3

25

0.61 (0.29–1.32)

16

0.74 (0.28–1.95)

 ptrend3

 

0.21

 

0.56

Continuous4

84

0.94 (0.68–1.30)

54

1.08 (0.74–1.58)

γ-tocopherol

Tertile6

 1

29

1 (ref)

18

1 (ref)

 2

26

1.05 (0.53–2.06)

16

0.86 (0.37–2.01)

 3

29

1.30 (0.63–2.69)

20

0.94 (0.40–2.25)

 ptrend3

 

0.45

 

0.93

Continuous4

84

1.31 (0.99–1.72)

54

1.06 (0.75–1.50)

  1. CI confidence interval, RR risk ratio.
  2. 1In addition to conditioning on matching factors in the NHS and HPFS (year of birth, fasting status, month of blood collection, and race), adjusted for body mass index (continuous), smoking status (never, past, and current), and circulating cholesterol (continuous).
  3. 2Median plasma retinol for each tertile in the NHS and HPFS: 1.74, 2.16, and 2.74 μmol/L.
  4. 3The p-value for linear trend across tertiles was the p-value of the ordinal variable constructed by assigning medians to all participants in the tertiles.
  5. 4Results for continuous analyses for each standard deviation increment.
  6. 5Median plasma α-tocopherol for each tertile in the NHS and HPFS: 29.66, 41.32, and 57.50 μmol/L.
  7. 6Median plasma γ-tocopherol for each tertile in the NHS and HPFS: 2.94, 5.60, and 8.59 μmol/L.
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