Table 1 Thermophysical properties of Nanofluids.

Viscosity (μ)

\({\mu }_{nf}=\frac{{\mu }_{f}}{{\left(1-\phi \right)}^{2.5}}\)

Density (ρ)

\({\rho }_{nf=}{\rho }_{f}\left(1-\phi \right)+\phi {\rho }_{s}\)

Heat capacity \((\rho {C}_{p })\)

\({(\rho {C}_{p })}_{nf}={(\rho {C}_{p })}_{f}\left(1-\phi \right)+\phi {(\rho {C}_{p })}_{s}\)

Thermal conductivity (K)

\(\frac{{k}_{nf}}{{k}_{f}}=\frac{\left({k}_{s}+2{k}_{f}\right)-2\phi ({k}_{f}-{k}_{s})}{\left({k}_{s}+2{k}_{f}\right)+\phi ({k}_{f}-{k}_{s})}\)