Table 1 Summary of research works on crashworthiness performance of metallic structures with cutouts.
Reference | Material | Studied parameters | Loads | Study | Observation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel and Al cylinders | Site of the cutouts | Quasi-static and dynamic impact | Numerical/experimental | When the cut-out site is over the mid-length, U of cylinder increases due to the progressive mode of crushing developed by the top end cutout | |
Shariati et al.33 | Mild steel cylinders | Cutout position and cylinder parameters i.e., length/diameter ratio (L/D) and (b) diameter/thickness (D/t) ratio | Axial compression | Numerical/experimental | Changing the cutout location from mid-height to the edges of the cylinder increases the buckling load capacity. Cylinders with cutouts buckled locally, and then it exhibits general bending as the axial distortion progresses |
Mamalis et al.34 | Steel square tubes | Hole size and location | Quasi-static axial compression | Experimental | Existence of holes guarantees a stable collapse and reduces the initial peak force (\({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}})\). The impact of the hole size on crushing response is less than its location. Specimens with a hole at middle height absorb larger amount of energy, reduce \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) and increase mean crush force (\({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{m}})\). Specimens with holes in one wall fail to decrease \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) and exhibit the same \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{m}}\) compared to specimens with holes at two opposite sides. The best behavior was recorded for specimens with 10 mm hole diameter in two opposite sides at the middle height of steel tubes |
Mild steel square tubes | Circular holes with 17 mm diameter were drilled on two or four opposing tube sides of the tube to form opposing hole pairs. The total number of holes varies from 2 to 10 | dynamic and quasi-static axial loads | Numerical/experimental | The existence of holes reduces \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}} .\) Number of holes > 2 holes/side doesn’t considerably reduce \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\). The existence of holes may affect U of the tube | |
Huang et al.37 | Steel cylinders | Elliptical cutout locations, shapes, and symmetry | Axial impact | Numerical | Crushing behavior is greatly affected by the location and symmetry of cutouts and the variation of major axis affects \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) |
Taştan et al.38 | Tapered Al-tubes | Diameter, and number of circular cutouts in horizontal and vertical directions | Quasi-static axial load | Numerical using Surrogate-based optimization approach | The optimum CFE and SEA of the holed tubes is 27.4 and 26.4% higher than those of the unholed tubes. Optimum SEA design has considerably increased cutout diameter, increased number of cutouts in horizontal direction and slightly decreased number of cutouts in vertical direction compared to the optimum CFE design |
Sankar and Parameswaran39 | Al-cylinders | Hole diameter and their spacing arrangement | Dynamic compression | Numerical/experimental | Hole diameter and their spacing arrangement have a great effect on \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) and on the deformation pattern. The existence of the holes considerably reduces \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\). Holes localize the distortion to such an extent that the load at the formation of subsequent buckles increases, which negatively affects U. Larger number of smaller diameter holes caused higher \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) reduction |
Baaskaran et al.40 | Al-cylinders | Elliptical cut-outs’ location | Quasi-static axial load | Numerical/experimental | Cut-out’s location of greatly affects EAC and buckling characteristics of Al-tubes. The increase in the ellipse’s aspect ratio of the ellipse results in a decrease in \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{m}}\) which varies from 9.2 to 19.8%. Specimens with symmetrical cutout are much effective than those with single cutout |
Nikkhah et al.41 | Al-tubes | Shape of cutout | Axial/oblique loadings | Al-tubes with cutouts have lower \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) than perfect tube. \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) obviously decreases due to the existence of rectangular cutout. Al-tubes with circular and square cutouts have larger U than tubes with other cutouts at most load angles | |
Pirmohammad et al.42 | Square and octagonal bi-tubal Al-structures | Hole shape and dimensions | Impact | Numerical | Hexagonal holes generated on square and octagonal bi-tubal Al-structures enhanced U by, respectively, 60 and 42% in comparison to the conventional structures. All holed structures displayed less \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) compared to those without holes. Square and octagonal structures with hexagonal holes are found as the best energy absorbing devices. The holes generated on the structure walls enhanced their EAC under oblique loading, as well |
Patel et al.43 | Al cap and open-end hybrid frusta | The existence of circular cut-outs | Quasi-static axial load | Numerical | CFE increased by 3–10%, through having a cut-out on both sets of hybrid frusta |
Kathiresan44 | Al-conical frusta | Cutout shape, location, and size | Quasi-static axial load | Numerical/experimental | Increasing the cutout size causes a decrease in \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}}\) and \({\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{m}}\). Circular cutouts reveal better U than square or trapezoidal cutouts for conical frusta |
