Table 1 Information on dog specimens, sizes, age and haplogroup/haplotype belonging.

From: A melting pot of Roman dogs north of the Alps with high phenotypic and genetic diversity and similar diets

ID

Archaeological site

Type of site

Archaeological structure

Archaeological context dating

Skeletal element

Withers height (cm)

Size category

Age

Haplogroupb)

Haplotype (referred to as, this study)

HAL1

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

57.8

Medium

Adult

A

RS-a1

HAL2

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

41.6

Medium

Juvenile

A

RS-a3

HAL3

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

46.1

Medium

Adult

D

RS-d1

HAL4

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

50

Medium

Adult

A

RS-a4

HAL5

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

51.5

Medium

Adult

C

RS-c1

HAL6

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

54.1

Medium

Adult

D

RS-d1

HAL7

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur dext

33.3

Small

Juvenile

D

RS-d1

HAL8

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

47.8

Medium

Adult

A

RS-a3

HAL9

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus sin

66.5

Large

Adult

Failed

 

HAL10

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus dexta)

29.4

Small

Adult

A

RS-a2

HAL11

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

41.9

Medium

Juvenile

C

RS-c1

HAL12

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

53.1

Medium

Adult

B

RS-b1

HAL13

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus dext

41

Medium

Adult

A

RS-a2

HAL14

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus sin

63

Large

Adult

C

RS-c1

HAL15

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Femurs sin

54

Medium

Adult

C

RS-c1

HAL16

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Sodbrunnen MR 12"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus sina)

27

Small

Adult

A

RS-a2

HAL17

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Pit G14

Late 3rd to first half of fifth century CE

Metacarpus 4 sin

49.1

Medium

Juvenile

Not tested

 

HAU1

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Mandibula sin

Indeterminably

Indeterminably

Adult

C

RS-c1

HAU2

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Mandibula dext

39.1

Small

Adult

failed

 

HAU3

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Mandibula dext

Indeterminably

Indeterminably

Juvenile

A

RS-a3

HAU4

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Mandibula dext

Indeterminably

Indeterminably

Juvenile

C

RS-c1

HAU5

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Metacarpus 3 sin

65.9

Large

Adult

A

RS-a1

HAU6

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

35.4

Small

Juvenile

A

RS-a2

HAU7

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus dext

46.8

Medium

Juvenile

A

RS-a5

HAU8

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus sin

53.7

Medium

Adult

B

RS-b1

HAU9

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Insula 27, hypocaust room

ca. 200 CE

Ulna dext

58

Medium

Adult

A

RS-a4

HAU10

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur dext

62.8

Large

Adult

C

RS-c1

HAU11

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Humerus dext

39.6

Small

Adult

D

RS-d1

HAU12

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Radius dext

32.1

Small

Adult

Not tested

 

HAU13

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

22.7

Small

Adult

Not tested

 

HAU14

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Femur sin

18.8

Small

Adult

Not tested

 

HAU15

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Metacarpus 4 dext

51.9

Medium

Adult

Not tested

 

HAU16

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Metatarsus 2 sin

76.2

Large

Adult

Not tested

 

HAU17

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Well "Brunnenhaus"

2nd half of third century CE

Metatarsus 4 sin

64.9

Large

Adult

Not tested

 

HAU18

Augusta Raurica

Colonia, trading

Pit 3 and 5 (Phase B4)

70–100 CE

Calcaneus sin

55.7

Medium

Adult

Not tested

 

HAV1

Vindonissa

Military camp, cemetery

Burial

2nd third of first century CE

Tibia dext

31.7

Small

Juvenile

Failed

 

HAV2

Vindonissa

Military camp

Depositing close to neonate burial

3rd third of first century CE

Radius sin

32

Small

Adult

C

RS-c1

  1. See Table S1 for more details.
  2. aAll skeletal elements belong to individual dogs except humerus dext. (HAL10) and humerus sin. (HAL16) which belong to the same individual; referred to as dog HAL16/HAL10.
  3. bHaplogroup assignment according to Dulbeba et al. 2015 based on diagnostic sites within D-loop region.