Table 1 Characteristics of participants (n = 1598).

Age (years)

84.04 ± 12.85

82.80 ± 12.24

84.26 ± 12.94

0.101

Gender, Male, n (%)

818 (51.19%)

122 (51.05%)

696 (51.21%)

0.962

BMI (kg/cm²)

21.98 ± 13.38

22.11 ± 9.43

21.95 ± 13.96

0.527

BMI < 25, normal, n (%)

1355 (84.79%)

202 (84.52%)

1153 (84.84%)

0.898

BMI ≥ 25, overweight, n (%)

243 (15.21%)

37 (15.48%)

206 (15.16%)

Heart rate

74.39 ± 12.46

75.92 ± 12.61

74.12 ± 12.42

0.013

Current smoker, n (%)

288 (18.02%)

37 (15.48%)

251 (18.47%)

0.268

Current drinker, n (%)

291 (18.21%)

29 (12.13%)

262 (19.28%)

0.008

Regular exercise, n (%)

282 (17.65%)

45 (18.83%)

237 (17.44%)

0.603

Stroke, n (%)

121 (7.57%)

16 (6.69%)

105 (7.73%)

0.578

Suffering from other CVDs

 Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

151 (9.45%)

14 (5.86%)

137 (10.08%)

0.040

 Hypertension, n (%)

434 (27.16%)

74 (30.96%)

360 (26.49%)

0.152

 Heart disease, n (%)

127 (7.95%)

17 (7.11%)

110 (8.09%)

0.605

 Diabetes, n (%)

42 (2.63%)

8 (3.35%)

34 (2.50%)

0.451

Blood biomarker

 White cell count (10⁹/L)

5.56 ± 1.74

5.73 ± 1.84

5.53 ± 1.72

0.076

 Red cell count (10¹²/L)

4.96 ± 17.43

4.29 ± 0.92

5.08 ± 18.90

 < 0.001

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

126.26 ± 22.82

124.37 ± 23.13

126.59 ± 22.75

0.090

 Albumin (g/L)

40.60 ± 4.89

41.59 ± 4.85

40.42 ± 4.88

 < 0.001

 hsCRP (mg/L)

3.18 ± 8.07

3.88 ± 9.11

3.05 ± 7.87

 < 0.001

 Creatine (mmol/L)

81.72 ± 28.68

89.36 ± 31.89

80.38 ± 27.88

 < 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.31 ± 0.98

4.29 ± 0.86

4.32 ± 1.00

0.991

 HDLC (mmol/L)

1.31 ± 0.36

1.31 ± 0.39

1.31 ± 0.36

0.804

 LDLC (mmol/L)

2.55 ± 0.81

2.43 ± 0.76

2.58 ± 0.82

0.021

 Glucose (mmol/L)

4.70 ± 2.12

4.40 ± 2.00

4.75 ± 2.13

0.008

 MDA (mmol/ml)

5.17 ± 2.06

4.73 ± 1.74

5.25 ± 2.11

 < 0.001