Table 1 Studies’ characteristics.
Study | N. d’s | N | Mean age | Sex % female | Quality score | Intervention | Reflection exercise | Control group(s) | Task |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Akinola et al.11 | 1 | 97 | 24.0 | 58.8 | 4 | SAR | No | Neutral | Salary negotiation (P) |
Baynard-Montague & James46 | 1 | 60 | 22.8 | 78.3 | 4 | SIE | No | Active | Tongue twisters (P) |
Beltzer et al.53 | 1 | 82 | 25.0 | 65.9 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | TSST speech (P) |
Brady et al.29 | 2 | 431 | NA | 58.0 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Exam (C) |
Chalmers54 | 2 | 78 | NA | 69.5 | 2 | SAR | No | Neutral / Active | Math & karaoke (P) |
Crum et al.12 | 2 | 113 | 24.1 | 65.3 | 4 | SIE | Yes | Active | Alternative use task (C) |
Crum et al.47 | 1 | 106 | 24.1 | 65.4 | 4 | SIE | Yes | Active | Stroop task (C) |
Erazo55 | 1 | 62 | 21.6 | 77.4 | 2 | SAR | Yes | Active | TSST math (P) |
Ganley et al.38 | 1 | 116 | 19.7 | 66.0 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Quantitative reasoning (C) |
Garcia28 | 2 | 31 | NA | 100 | 1 | SAR & imagery | Yes | Neutral | Math exam (C) |
Goyer et al.50 | 2 | 98 | NA | 67.9 | 3 | SIE | Yes | Active | Final week exams (C) |
Griffin & Howard56 | 1 | 135 | 19.5 | 69.9 | 4 | SAR | No | Neutral | Socio-evaluative speech (P) |
Gurera & Isaacowitz57 | 1 | 120 | 41.0 | 51.6 | 3 | SAR | No | Active | Subtraction (C) |
Hangen et al.58 | 2 | 204 | 19.9 | 75.8 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Neutral / Active | Math competition (C) |
Jacobs36 | 1 | 232 | 22.6 | 46.0 | 2 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | Math exam (C) |
Jacquart et al.59 | 2 | 76 | 21.8 | 70.1 | 3 | SAR & physical exercise | Yes | Neutral | TSST math (P) |
Jamieson et al.25 | 1 | 28 | NA | 42.9 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Math exam (C) |
Jamieson et al.27 | 1 | 81 | 29.4 | 68.8 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Active | Math exam (C) |
Jamieson et al.13 | 1 | 339 | 24.9 | 62.2 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Active | Math exam (C) |
John-Henderson et al.30 | 1 | 97 | 20.9 | 100 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Math exam (C) |
Johns et al.35 (Study 3) | 1 | 58 | NA | 100 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Math exam (C) |
Johns et al.35 (Study 4) | 2 | 75 | NA | 61.7 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Reading span task (C) |
Keech et al.48 | 1 | 109 | 19.1 | 62.7 | 4 | SIE & imagery | Yes | Neutral | GPA (C) |
Mesghina et al.60 | 1 | 284 | NA | 79.4 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | Neuroscience learning (C) |
Mesghina et al.61 (Study 1) | 1 | 97 | NA | 61.4 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | Working memory & reasoning (C) |
Mesghina et al.61 (Study 2) | 1 | 149 | NA | 77.4 | 4 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | Working memory & reasoning (C) |
Moore et al.14 | 1 | 50 | 20.2 | 44.0 | 3 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | Golf putting task (P) |
Ott37 | 1 | 496 | 20.9 | 68.8 | 3 | SAR | No | Neutral | Intelligence test (C) |
Oveis et al.33 | 2 | 130 | 20.9 | 59.8 | 4 | SAR | No | Active | Product pitch (P) |
Reza et al.62 | 1 | 664 | NA | 57.9 | 3 | SAR | Yes / No | Neutral | Programming exam (C) |
Rozek et al.31 | 1 | 285 | NA | 53.0 | 3 | SAR | Yes | Active | Biology exam (C) |
Sammy et al.32 | 1 | 54 | 21.7 | 38.9 | 4 | SAR | No | Neutral | Dart throwing task (P) |
Taber63 | 1 | 268 | 23.1 | 66.8 | 3 | SAR | Yes | Neutral | Math exam (C) |
Yeager et al.49 | 1 | 119 | NA | NA | 3 | SAR/SIE & growth mindset | Yes | Neutral | Exams (C) |
Zhu34 | 1 | 95 | 20.4 | 27.4 | 2 | SAR | Yes | Active | Business pitch (P) |
