Table 1 The difference between the proposed LCA algorithm and existing meta-heuristic algorithms.

From: Learning cooking algorithm for solving global optimization problems

\(\text { Algorithm}\)

\(\text { Category }\)

\(\text {Inspiration}\)

Genetic algorithm (GA)8

Evolutionary-based

Evolutionary concepts

Differential evolution (DE)9

Evolutionary-based

Darwin’s theory of evolution

Learner performance behaviour (LPB)13

Evolutionary-based

Distribution of students in different departments at a university

Particle swarm algorithm (PSO)14

Swarm-based

Social behavior of bird swarms

Tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA)20

Swarm-based

The jet propulsion and swarm behaviors of tunicates

Salp swarm algorithm (SSA)80

Swarm-based

Foraging behavior of the salps

Grey Wolf optimizer (GWO)15

Swarm-based

Hunting behaviour of the grey wolfs

Whale optimization algorithm (WOA)19

Swarm-based

Social behavior of the humpback whales

Golden Jackal optimization (GJO)81

Swarm-based

Hunting behaviour of the golden jackals

Beluga Whale optimization (BWO)82

Swarm-based

Social behavior of beluga whales

Harris Hawks Optimizer (HHO)83

Swarm-based

Cooperative behavior and stalking style of Harris’s hawks

Mountain Gazelle optimizer (MGO)84

Swarm-based

The social life and hierarchy of wild mountain gazelles

Sand cat swarm optimization (SCSO)85

Swarm-based

Social behavior of the sand cat

Simulated annealing (SA)36

Physics-based

Annealing process in metallurgy

Multi-Verse optimizer (MVO)40

Physics-based

Multi-verse theory

Equilibrium optimizer (EO)44

Physics-based

Physics-based source and sink models

Teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO)54

Human-based

Teaching and learning in a classroom

Mountaineering team based optimization (MTBO)86

Human-based

Social performance and cooperation of humans by considering natural phenomena

Seeker optimization algorithm (SOA)63

Human-based

The action of human randomized search

Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves (AFT)69

Human-based

The tale of Ali Baba and the forty thieves

Coronavirus herd immunity optimizer (CHIO)68

Human-based

Herd immunity concept to respond to COVID-19

Learning cooking algorithm (LCA)

Human-based

The cooking activity of humans