Figure 1

Study area (a, b), 3D models (c, d, e), and the satellite images and 12.5 m DEM (f, g, h) of sampling points. Take the S2, S4, and S5 as examples. The background DEM dataset was downloaded from Earthdata, NASA (https://search.asf.alaska.edu). The satellite images were obtained from Tianditu (https://map.tianditu.gov.cn).