Table 2 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for moderate- or high-risk ASCVD with skin carotenoid quintile.

From: Association between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease score and skin carotenoid levels estimated via refraction spectroscopy in the Japanese population: a cross-sectional study

Skin carotenoid quintile

Crude

Age- and body mass index-adjusted

OR

95% CI

Trend

OR

95% CI

Trend

LL

UL

p-value

LL

UL

p-value

Complete case analysis

 Q1

1

  

 < 0.01

1

  

 < 0.01

 Q2

0.43

0.20

0.93

 

0.46

0.21

1.02

 

 Q3

0.40

0.18

0.89

 

0.46

0.20

1.06

 

 Q4

0.30

0.13

0.72

 

0.42

0.17

1.03

 

 Q5

0.17

0.06

0.50

 

0.25

0.08

0.77

 

Multiple imputation analysis

 Q1

1

  

 < 0.01

1

  

 < 0.01

 Q2

0.58

0.34

0.99

 

0.63

0.36

1.08

 

 Q3

0.46

0.24

0.90

 

0.50

0.25

0.99

 

 Q4

0.38

0.19

0.74

 

0.48

0.24

0.96

 

 Q5

0.22

0.08

0.60

 

0.28

0.10

0.82

 
  1. Skin carotenoid was estimated via refraction spectroscopy, Veggie Meter.
  2. Moderate or high risk for ASCVD was defined as 15 or more points on the Hisayama ASCVD Risk Score32.
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