Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: Mitigating the influence of multivalent ions on power density performance in a single-membrane capacitive reverse electrodialysis cell

Figure 1

Electrical voltage over membrane \(E_{m}\) and over capacitive electrodes \(E_{elec-c}\) as a function of NaCl molar fraction. (a), (b) and (c) represents the variation of voltage of mixing between NaCl and CaCl\(_2\) for salinity ratio of 100, 30 and 10, respectively. (d) represents the mixing case of NaCl and MgCl\(_{2}\) for a salinity ratio of 30. As molar fraction of divalent ions gets higher, \(E_{m}\) drops significantly while \(E_{elec-c}\) remains constant.

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