Figure 6 | Scientific Reports

Figure 6

From: Mitigating the influence of multivalent ions on power density performance in a single-membrane capacitive reverse electrodialysis cell

Figure 6

Schematic illustration of the divalent impact mitigation mechanism of CRED system. The diagram summarizes the mechanisms that induce power loss in the presence of divalent ions. In the CREDSM context, only the uphill mechanism affects membrane potential. Electrode potential remains unaffected. This reduces the impact of divalents on the cell potential, which is the sum of the membrane potential and the electrode potential. Flow reversal prevents membrane poisoning. For a molar fraction of 0.6 of MgCl\(_{2}\), this results in a 34\(\%\) reduction in power. Under the same conditions and for a poorly selective Fumasep-type membrane, membrane poisoning and the cell potential, which is affected twice by the uphill phenomenon, lead to a 62\(\%\) power density reduction.

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