Table 1 Basic characteristics of participants with diabetes mellitus (n = 2508) in the NHANES 2007–2018.
Characteristics | Total (N = 2508) | Non-DKD (N = 1563) | DKD (N = 945) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.76 ± 0.36 | 56.38 ± 0.43 | 63.28 ± 0.63 | < 0.001 |
Gender, % | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 53.25 (50.47, 56.02) | 53.49 (49.96, 56.99) | 52.80 (48.29, 57.26) | |
Female | 46.75 (43.98, 49.53) | 46.51 (43.01, 50.04) | 47.20 (42.74, 51.71) | |
Race, % | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 9.93 (8.87, 11.10) | 9.78 (8.50, 11.23) | 10.21 (8.43, 12.32) | |
Other Hispanics | 6.49 (5.69, 7.40) | 6.68 (5.67, 7.86) | 6.13 (4.90, 7.65) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 60.62 (58.16, 63.03) | 60.32 (57.19, 63.37) | 61.20 (57.20, 65.05) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 14.30 (13.02, 15.68) | 14.60 (12.98, 16.39) | 13.73 (11.75, 15.98) | |
Other Race | 8.66 (7.43, 10.06) | 8.62 (7.12, 10.39) | 8.73 (6.77, 11.19) | |
Marriage,% | < 0.001 | |||
Married/living with a partner | 64.73 (62.11, 67.27) | 66.64 (63.35, 69.78) | 61.10 (56.74, 65.29) | |
unmarried | 10.16 (8.59, 11.97) | 11.60 (9.54, 14.05) | 7.41 (5.36, 10.15) | |
Separation from partner | 24.59 (22.43, 26.89) | 21.11 (18.58, 23.88) | 31.23 (27.38, 35.35) | |
Not clear | 0.51 (0.23, 1.13) | 0.65 (0.25, 1.62) | 0.26 (0.09, 0.79) | |
Education level,% | < 0.001 | |||
Below high school | 23.12 (21.19, 25.17) | 21.54 (19.18, 24.10) | 26.14 (22.91, 29.64) | |
High school Grad/GED or Equivalent | 24.66 (22.31, 27.17) | 23.35 (20.49, 26.46) | 27.17 (23.21, 31.53) | |
College or above | 52.18 (49.41, 54.94) | 55.10 (51.62, 58.53) | 46.62 (42.12, 51.18) | |
Others | 0.04 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.29) | |
PIR | 2.76 ± 0.05 | 2.89 ± 0.06 | 2.51 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
PIR,% | < 0.001 | |||
< 1.30 | 22.06 (20.21, 24.03) | 21.08 (18.81, 23.56) | 23.92 (20.87, 27.27) | |
1.30–2.99 | 31.82 (29.32, 34.42) | 28.86 (25.90, 32.01) | 37.45 (33.11, 42.00) | |
≥ 3.00 | 39.05 (36.20, 41.97) | 42.78 (39.17, 46.47) | 31.94 (27.62, 36.60) | |
Not clear | 7.07 (5.91, 8.45) | 7.28 (5.77, 9.14) | 6.69 (5.08, 8.76) | |
BMI(kg/m2) | 32.99 ± 0.22 | 33.06 ± 0.29 | 32.87 ± 0.34 | < 0.001 |
BMI,% | < 0.001 | |||
< 25.0 kg/m2 | 11.59 (10.10, 13.28) | 10.78 (8.98, 12.89) | 13.13 (10.64, 16.11) | |
25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 26.72 (24.40, 29.18) | 28.03 (25.06, 31.19) | 24.23 (20.66, 28.20) | |
≥ 30.0 kg/m2 | 61.69 (59.02, 64.29) | 61.19 (57.79, 64.49) | 62.63 (58.30, 66.77) | |
Smoking status, % | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 49.93 (47.14, 52.71) | 50.85 (47.31, 54.38) | 48.17 (43.70, 52.67) | |
Former | 34.50 (31.86, 37.24) | 33.09 (29.8, 36.54) | 37.19 (32.87, 41.72) | |
Now | 15.32 (13.48, 17.35) | 15.85 (13.49, 18.53) | 14.31 (11.64, 17.47) | |
Not clear | 0.26 (0.11, 0.62) | 0.22 (0.06, 0.84) | 0.33 (0.11, 0.93) | |
Alcohol (%) | < 0.001 | |||
< 12 drinks/year | 42.28 (39.58, 45.04) | 40.43 (37.05, 43.91) | 45.81 (41.39, 50.29) | |
≥ 12 drinks/year | 39.24 (36.48, 42.07) | 42.52 (39.00, 46.12) | 32.99 (28.80, 37.46) | |
Not clear | 18.48 (16.51, 20.62) | 17.04 (14.73, 19.63) | 21.21 (17.77, 25.11) | |
Physical Activity (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 59.68 (56.85, 62.45) | 57.52 (53.92, 61.04) | 63.80 (59.23, 68.13) | |
Moderate | 7.68 (6.23, 9.42) | 8.46 (6.52, 10.91) | 6.18 (4.46, 8.50) | |
Vigorous | 32.58 (29.92, 35.36) | 33.95 (30.58, 37.49) | 29.99 (25.82, 34.53) | |
Not clear | 0.06 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.24) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.22) | |
Hypertension,% | < 0.001 | |||
No | 33.96 (31.40, 36.61) | 39.70 (36.34, 43.16) | 23.02 (19.48, 26.99) | |
Yes | 64.94 (62.25, 67.53) | 59.19 (55.72, 62.58) | 75.87 (71.78, 79.53) | |
Not clear | 1.11 (0.59, 2.08) | 1.10 (0.53, 2.30) | 1.11 (0.34, 3.58) | |
Cardiovascular,% | < 0.001 | |||
No | 80.03 (77.76, 82.13) | 83.95 (81.13, 86.42) | 72.58 (68.58, 76.25) | |
Yes | 19.62 (17.54, 21.89) | 15.66 (13.21, 18.47) | 27.17 (23.50, 31.17) | |
Not clear | 0.34 (0.17, 0.69) | 0.39 (0.17, 0.93) | 0.25 (0.08, 0.77) | |
VAI | 2.97 ± 0.10 | 2.76 ± 0.11 | 3.36 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
VAI,% | < 0.001 | |||
Q1(< 1.45) | 29.68 (27.31, 32.17) | 31.91 (28.81, 35.17) | 25.45 (22.03, 29.19) | |
Q2(1.45–2.65) | 33.28 (30.68, 35.98) | 32.39 (29.13, 35.83) | 34.97 (30.79, 39.39) | |
Q3(> 2.65) | 37.04 (34.33, 39.83) | 35.70 (32.33, 39.22) | 39.58 (35.17, 44.18) | |
TC(mg/dL) | 183.08 ± 1.31 | 183.38 ± 1.63 | 182.50 ± 2.21 | < 0.001 |
ALT (U/L) | 27.76 ± 0.53 | 28.63 ± 0.70 | 26.12 ± 0.75 | < 0.001 |
AST (U/L) | 26.23 ± 0.44 | 26.63 ± 0.59 | 25.49 ± 0.58 | < 0.001 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 15.94 ± 0.19 | 14.12 ± 0.18 | 19.38 ± 0.42 | < 0.001 |
SUA (mg/dL) | 5.84 ± 0.05 | 5.61 ± 0.05 | 6.27 ± 0.09 | < 0.001 |
