Table 1 Some common cell signaling pathway in osteoporosis.

From: Comparative analysis of vision transformers and convolutional neural networks in osteoporosis detection from X-ray images

Cell signaling pathway

Function

Role in osteoporosis

Reference

Wnt signalling pathway

Regulates bone formation

Inhibition leads to decreased bone density

44,45

RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway

Regulates osteoclast differentiation and activity

Imbalance leads to increased bone resorption

46,47

BMP signalling pathway

Regulates bone formation and differentiation

Dysregulation leads to decreased bone density

48,49

PTH signalling pathway

regulates calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling

Excessive activation leads to increased bone resorption

50,51,52

Back to article page