Table 4 Compromise point of the suggested approach based on different uncertainty models and solvers.

From: Multi-objective economic operation of smart distribution network with renewable-flexible virtual power plants considering voltage security index

Uncertainty model

ωEC

ωEL

ωVS

Energy cost ($)

Energy loss (MWh)

The sum of WSI (p.u.)

Calculation time (sec)

UT method with

IPOPT

0.08

0.78

0.14

1862.1

1.902

22.4

472

CONOPT

0.08

0.78

0.14

1863.8

1.912

22.1

608

BARON

0.07

0.80

0.13

1879.2

2.067

21.1

985

KNITRO

0.07

0.80

0.13

1875.4

2.061

21.3

923

LGO

0.07

0.80

0.13

1871.5

2.022

21.6

867

MINOS

0.08

0.78

0.14

1866.3

1.942

21.9

712

SBSO with the IPOPT solver

30 scenarios

0.09

0.78

0.13

1840.7

1.849

23.1

514

60 scenarios

0.09

0.77

0.15

1852.1

1.869

22.9

712

90 scenarios

0.08

0.78

0.14

1859.5

1.884

22.6

876

120 scenarios

0.08

0.78

0.14

1861.4

1.896

22.5

981