Table 3 Comparison results of the minimum of the margins before and after optimization.

From: Research and engineering application of layout optimization for lockbolt structures in railway wagons considering multidimensional failure modes based on MSNSGA-III

 

\(S_{F\min }\)

\(S_{P\min }\)

\(S_{G\min }\)

\(S_{A\min }\)

\(S_{L\min }\)

Original finite element model

1.393

0.964

1.009

3.189

81.814

Parametric model

1.306

1.050

1.202

4.525

115.698

Optimized finite element model

1.359

1.153

1.234

5.043

130.752

Error

+3.89%

+ 8.93%

+ 2.59%

+ 10.27%

+ 11.51%

Rate of change

− 2.44%

+ 19.60%

+ 22.29%

+ 58.13%

+ 59.81%