Table 2 Surplus power scenario.

1

SOC_bat < 90% and SOC_sc < 95%

- PV supplies the total average power demand;

- Surplus PV power is utilized to charge the storage units up to their maximum safety limits, and any remaining surplus power is sent to the grid;

- Grid supplies additional power to meet the average demand if necessary;

- SC meets the demand for transient power.

i_rbat = –  I_batr; i_rsc =  − I_scr + I_rsc; i_rg = I_rt;

2

SOC_bat > 90% and SOC_sc < 95%

- PV supplies the total average power demand;

- Surplus PV power is utilized to charge the SC up to its maximum safety limit, and any remaining surplus power is sent to the grid;

- Grid meets the demand for average power if necessary;

- SC meets the demand for transient power;

- No action from the battery.

i_rbat = 0; i_rsc =  −  I_scr + I_rsc; i_rg = I_rt.

3

SOC_bat < 90% and SOC_sc > 95%

- PV supplies the total average power demand;

- Surplus PV power is utilized to charge the battery up to its maximum safety limit, and any remaining surplus power is sent to the grid;

- Grid meets the transient power demand and, if necessary, provides additional power for average demand;

- No action from the SC.

i_rbat =  − I_batr; i_rsc = 0; i_rg = I_rt + I_rsc.

4

SOC_bat > 90% and SOC_sc > 95%

- PV supplies the total average power demand;

- Surplus PV power is sent to the grid;

- Grid meets the demand for transient power;

- No action from the battery and SC.

i_rbat = 0; i_rsc = 0; i_rg = I_rt + I_rsc.