Table 8 Results from the application of raw and minimum–maximum preprocessing for 28-day compressive strength by using DAVO algorithm.

From: Predicting the compressive strength of self-compacting concrete by developed African vulture optimization algorithm-Elman neural networks

7-day compressive strength

Neuron number

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

MSE test

Raw

88.20

110.30

75.86

53.74

55.03

129.90

45.91

173.75

49.89

94.98

Min–Max

53.79

110.30

75.86

51.54

55.04

129.90

45.97

173.74

43.64

94.98

MSE train

Raw

77.40

92.97

74.19

52.70

56.02

107.24

48.63

160.13

50.18

89.82

Min–Max

63.76

92.97

74.19

50.58

56.14

107.24

49.73

160.13

41.73

89.82

R test

Raw

0.85

0.81

0.87

0.91

0.91

0.77

0.92

0.69

0.92

0.84

Min–Max

0.91

0.81

0.87

0.91

0.91

0.77

0.92

0.69

0.93

0.84

R train

Raw

0.87

0.85

0.88

0.91

0.91

0.82

0.92

0.73

0.92

0.85

Min–Max

0.89

0.85

0.88

0.92

0.91

0.82

0.92

0.73

0.93

0.85