Table 1 Approximate career stages based on publication age. Examples are used indicative, although the actual status of an individual researcher within a cohort may differ in reality.

From: Identifying fabricated networks within authorship-for-sale enterprises

Career Stage

Example

Publication years

I

Student

0-4

II

Postdoc

5-9

III

Early career

10-14

IV

Established

15-19

V

Career Building

20-24

VI

Peak Production

25-29

VII

Advanced

30-34

VIII

Senior Researcher

35-100

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