Figure 1

(a) Schematic of a single Duffing oscillator and its applications in various computing platforms. Images of a nanomechanical circuit, superconducting circuit, and optical circuit reproduced from Refs.^8,36,37, respectively. (b) Frequency/drive response of Duffing oscillator. Solid (dashed) lines represent stable (unstable) solutions of the Duffing equation. Jumps between the stable solutions are labelled with up and down arrows. (c) Time dynamics of a driven, damped Duffing oscillator subject to an SEU. The parameters of the oscillator are given by: \(m = 10^{-12}\) kg, \(\Gamma = 10^{5}\) \(\hbox {s}^{-1}\), \(\omega _0 = 10^{6}\) \(\hbox {s}^{-1}\), \(\alpha = 3 \times 10^{22}\) \(\hbox {m}^{-2} s^{-2}\), \(\omega = 1.152 \times 10^{6}\) \(\hbox {s}^{-1}\), \(F = 5 \times 10^{-7}\) N, \(\Delta p = 6 \times 10^{-12}\) \(\hbox {kg.m.s}^{-1}\). The oscillator is first initialised in the ‘0’ state, but then subject to an SEU which leads to a bit flip. The displacement is expressed in arbitrary units, such that the magnitude of a ‘1’ signal is 1.