Table 11 Results of GGO algorithm compared to others optimization algorithms using Ackley function.

From: Greylag goose optimization and multilayer perceptron for enhancing lung cancer classification

Metric

Ackley (bGGO)

Ackley (bSC)

Ackley (bMVO)

Ackley (bPSO)

Ackley (bWOA)

Ackley (bGWO)

Ackley (bFA)

Average error

0.327

0.363

0.371

0.378

0.415

0.443

0.451

Average Select size

0.314

0.345

0.353

0.358

0.394

0.416

0.424

Average Fitness

0.482

0.516

0.535

0.541

0.552

0.559

0.563

Best Fitness

0.471

0.502

0.515

0.519

0.526

0.534

0.542

Worst Fitness

0.517

0.553

0.573

0.578

0.587

0.594

0.605

Standard deviation Fitness

0.263

0.292

0.302

0.307

0.318

0.326

0.332

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