Table 5 Surfaces (ha) of CORINE land-cover classes in the areas of “Plemmirio” (site A) and “Vendicari” (site B) in 1958, 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018.

From: Intrapopulation germinability may help the Mediterranean plant species Poterium spinosum L. to cope with climate changes and landscape fragmentation

CORINE Land Cover classes–III level	1958*		1990		2000		2006		2012		2018
CORINE Land Cover classes–III level	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%	ha	%
Plemmirio Reserve (site A)
1.1.1. Continuous urban fabric	n.a	n.a	219^a	2.9	219^a	2.9	219^a	2.9	227^a	3.0	251^b	3.3
1.1.2. Discontinuous urban fabric	n.a	n.a	923^a	12.2	923^a	12.2	931^a	12.3	1015^b	13.2	1015^b	13.2
1.2.1. Industrial or commercial units	n.a	n.a	204^a	2.7	204^a	2.7	204^a	2.7	207^a	2.7	207^a	2.7
1.2.3. Port areas	n.a	n.a	40^a	0.5	40^a	0.5	40^a	0.5	69^b	0.9	44^a	0.6
1.4.2. Sport and leisure facilities	n.a	n.a	28^a	0.4	28^a	0.4	54^b	0.7	104^c	1.4	104^c	1.4
2.1.1. Non-irrigated arable land	2830^a	36.6	2289^b	30.1	2289^b	30.1	2153^b,c	28.3	2109^c	27.5	2109^c	27.5
2.1.2. Irrigated arable land	160	2.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2.2.1. Vineyards	507	6.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2.2.2. Fruit trees and berry plantations	2083^a	26.9	2407^b	31.7	2407^b	31.7	2439^b	32.1	2678^c	34.9	2719^c	35.4
2.2.3. Olive groves	103^a	1.3	109^a	1.4	109^a	1.4	145^b	1.9	141^b	1.8	141^b	1.8
2.3.1. Pastures and uncultivated productive land	413	5.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2.4.1. Annual crops associated with permanent crops	1165	15.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2.4.2. Complex cultivation patterns	n.a	n.a	787^a	10.4	787^a	10.4	827^b	10.9	606^c	7.9	564^d	7.3
2.4.3. Land mainly occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation	n.a	n.a	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	517^a	6.8	295^b	3.8	295^b	3.8
3.2.1. Natural grassland	n.a	n.a	192^a	2.5	192^a	2.5	33^b	0.4	35^b	0.5	0.0	0.0
3.2.3. Sclerophyllous vegetation	n.a	n.a	358^a	4.7	358^a	4.7	0.0	0.0	157^b	2.0	157^b	2.0
3.3.2. Bare rock	107^a	1.4	39^b	0.5	39^b	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
3.3.3. Sparsely vegetated areas	n.a	n.a	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	35	0.5
4.2.1. Salt marshes	n.a	n.a	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	33^a	0.4	35^a	0.5	35^a	0.5
Vendicari Reserve (site B)
1.1.2. Discontinuous urban fabric	n.a	n.a	122^a	1.3	122^a	1.3	122^a	1.3	161^b	1.7	186^c	2.0
2.1.1. Non-irrigated arable land	2398^a	25.1	1539^b	16.4	1539^b	16.4	1628^c	18.1	1600^c	17.0	4161^d	44.2
2.1.2. Irrigated arable land	1.0	negligible	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2.2.1. Vineyards	2137^a	22.3	397^b	4.2	397^b	4.2	397^b	4.2	292^c	3.1	292^c	3.1
2.2.2. Fruit trees and berry plantations	2167^a	22.7	1217^b	12.9	1217^b	12.9	1194^b	12.7	1322^c	14.0	1390^d	14.8
2.2.3. Olive groves	664^a	6.9	2469^b	26.3	2469^b	26.3	2307^c	24.5	2038^d	21.6	634^a	6.7
2.3.1. Pastures and uncultivated productive land	622	6.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
2.4.1. Annual crops associated with permanent crops	1415^a	14.8	30^b	0.3	30^b	0.3	30^b	0.3	321^c	3.4	1550^d	16.5
2.4.2. Complex cultivation patterns	n.a	n.a	2772^a	29.5	2772^a	29.5	2798^a	29.8	3026^b	32.1	543^c	5.8
2.4.3. Land mainly occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation	n.a	n.a	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	375	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
3.2.1. Natural grassland	n.a	n.a	130^a	1.4	130^a	1.4	130^a	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
3.2.2. Moors and heathland	n.a	n.a	315^a	3.3	315^a	3.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
3.2.3. Sclerophyllous vegetation	n.a	n.a	5.7^a	0.1	5.7^a	0.1	188^b	2.0	479^c	5.1	483^c	5.1
3.3.2. Bare rock	0.0	0.0	182^a	1.9	182^a	1.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
3.3.3. Sparsely vegetated areas	n.a	n.a	60^a	0.6	60^a	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
5.2.1. Coastal lagoons	n.a	n.a	166^a	1.8	166^a	1.8	166^a	1.8	181^b	1.9	181^b	1.9

“n.a.” is data not available; *soil-use classes in 1958 are provided by CNR-TCI cartography, whose equivalence with CORINE land cover classes is reported in Figs. 6, 7; different letters show statistically different values, across different years, within the same CORINE land cover class (p < 0.05, Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test).

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Table 5 Surfaces (ha) of CORINE land-cover classes in the areas of “Plemmirio” (site A) and “Vendicari” (site B) in 1958, 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012 and 2018.

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