Table 5 Comparison of marginal effects of driver injuries for driving within and beyond the speed limit.
No injury | Minor injury | Severe injury | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Within the Speed Limit | Exceeding the Speed Limit | Within the Speed Limit | Exceeding the Speed Limit | Within the Speed Limit | exceeding the Speed Limit | |
Temporal characteristics | ||||||
Time between 12 AM to 5:59 AM indicator (1 if crashes occurred between 12 AM to 5:59 AM, 0 otherwise) | – | 0.0076 | – | -0.0171 | – | 0.0095 |
Time between 10 AM to 3:59 PM indicator (1 if crashes occurred between 10 AM to 3:59 PM, 0 otherwise) | -0.0082 | – | 0.0138 | – | -0.0056 | – |
4th quarter indicator (1 if crashes occurred between October to December, 0 otherwise) | 0.0101 | – | -0.0039 | – | -0.0062 | – |
Analysis Period 2017 indicator (1 if crashes occurred in 2017, 0 otherwise) | -0.0069 | – | -0.0021 | – | 0.0090 | – |
Ambient weather characteristics | ||||||
Clear weather indicator (1 if crashes occurred in the clear weather, 0 otherwise) | -0.0472 | – | 0.0749 | – | -0.0278 | – |
Daylight condition indicator (1 if crashes occurred in daylight condition, 0 otherwise) | -0.0293 | – | 0.0099 | – | 0.0194 | – |
Crash characteristics | ||||||
Rollover indicator (1 if crashes were rollover, 0 otherwise) | -0.0248 | – | 0.0464 | – | -0.0216 | – |
Vehicle running off from the left of the roadway indicator (1 if a vehicle ran off the roadway from the left side of the roadway, 0 otherwise) | -0.0191 | – | -0.0050 | – | 0.0241 | – |
Vehicle running off the roadway indicator (1 if a vehicle ran off the roadway, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.0743 | – | -0.0083 | – | 0.0827 |
Tree indicator (1 if crashes involving with trees, 0 otherwise) | -0.0197 | -0.0244 | -0.0047 | -0.0037 | 0.0244 | 0.0281 |
Vehicle characteristics | ||||||
Motorcycle involvement indicator (1 if crashes involving motorcycle, 0 otherwise) | -0.0026 | -0.0042 | 0.0006 | 0.0002 | 0.0020 | 0.0040 |
Displacement up to 2500 cc indicator (1 if crashes involved with the vehicles for displacement up to 2500 cc, otherwise) | -0.0255 | – | 0.0425 | – | -0.0170 | – |
Displacement ranging from 5000 to 10,000 cc indicator (1 if crashes involved with the vehicles for displacement from 5000 to 10001 cc, otherwise) | – | 0.0044 | – | -0.0098 | – | 0.0054 |
Newer vehicle indicator (1 if crash involved with vehicles that were manufactured within 5 years from the year of crash, 0 otherwise) | -0.0091 | -0.0114 | 0.0135 | 0.0243 | -0.0043 | -0.0129 |
Vehicles manufactured by Chevy and Ford indicator (1 if crashes involved with vehicles manufactured by Chevrolet and Ford, 0 otherwise) | – | 0.0055 | – | -0.0113 | – | 0.0058 |
Roadway characteristics | ||||||
Non-interstate indicator (1 if crashes occurred on non-interstate, 0 otherwise) | – | 0.0348 | – | 0.0041 | – | -0.0388 |
Two-way with positive median barrier indicator (1 if the crashes occurred on two-way roadway with positive median barrier, 0 otherwise) | -0.0172 | – | -0.0047 | – | 0.0219 | – |
Two-way undivided roadway indicator (1 if the crashes occurred in two-way undivided roadway, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.0273 | – | -0.0034 | – | 0.0307 |
Curved roadway indicator (1 if crashes occurred on curved roadways, 0 otherwise) | -0.0145 | – | 0.0047 | – | 0.0098 | – |
Straight roadway indicator (1 if crashes occurred on straight roadways, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.0180 | – | 0.0015 | – | 0.0165 |
Dry surface indicator (1 if crashes occurred on dry surface, 0 otherwise) | -0.0407 | -0.0547 | 0.0149 | 0.0040 | 0.0258 | 0.0507 |
Wet surface indicator (1 if crashes occurred on wet surface, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.0053 | – | 0.0093 | – | -0.0040 |
Driver characteristics | ||||||
Male driver indicator (1 if male driver involved in crash, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.2320 | – | -0.0271 | – | 0.2591 |
Female driver indicator (1 if female driver involved in crash, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.1047 | – | 0.0102 | – | 0.0945 |
Drives age below 26 years (1 if drivers involved in crashes were below 26 years old, 0 otherwise) | 0.0053 | – | 0.0014 | – | -0.0067 | – |
Drives age from 35 to 45 years (1 if drivers involved in crashes were between 35 to 45 years old, 0 otherwise) | – | -0.0049 | – | -0.0006 | – | 0.0055 |
Reckless driving indicator (1 if crashes occurred due to reckless driving, 0 otherwise) | -0.0074 | – | -0.0023 | – | 0.0097 | – |
Driving under the influence (1 crashes occurred due to driving under influence, 0 otherwise) | -0.0026 | – | 0.0040 | – | -0.0013 | – |
No drinking indicator (1 if drivers involved in crashes were not drinking, 0 otherwise) | – | 0.0618 | – | -0.0058 | – | -0.0560 |
Non-restraint usage indicator (1 if no restraint was used, otherwise) | – | 0.0012 | – | -0.0063 | – | 0.0051 |
Restraint usage indicator (1 if restraint used, otherwise) | 0.2241 | 0.1741 | -0.0836 | -0.0164 | -0.1405 | -0.1576 |
