Table 2 Adjusted productivity loss for all employed participants.

From: Association of social isolation and depressive symptoms with workplace productivity loss in a multi-ethnic Asian study

Variables

Mean ratio (95% CI)

Model 1: employed participants (N = 2,605)

Model 2: employed participants (N = 2,605), with interaction term

Depressive symptoms (reference: PHQ-9 score < 5)

2.81 (2.12, 3.72)***

1.81 (1.08, 3.06)*

Social isolation (reference: LSNS score ≥ 17)

1.17 (0.96, 1.42)

1.14 (0.93, 1.39)

Depressive symptoms##Social isolation

–

1.89 (1.04, 3.44)*

Aged below 40 years (reference: age ≥ 40 years)

1.38 (1.10, 1,73)**

1.37 (1.10, 1.72)**

Female (reference: male)

1.22 (1.00, 1.48)*

1.22 (1.00, 1.48)*

Ethnicity (reference: Chinese)

 Malay

2.01 (1.56, 2.57)***

2.01 (1.57, 2.57)***

 Indian

1.33 (0.97, 1.83)

1.35 (0.98, 1.86)

 Others

1.22 (0.74, 2.01)

1.20 (0.72, 2.00)

Housing type (reference: 1–2 room flat)

 3-room flat

1.10 (0.73, 1.63)

1.10 (0.74, 1.64)

 4-room flat

0.96 (0.65, 1.43)

0.96 (0.65, 1.43)

 5-room flat and larger/private housing

0.90 (0.60, 1.36)

0.90 (0.59, 1.35)

Employed full-time (reference: part-time)

1.29 (1.00, 1.67)*

1.30 (1.01, 1.69)*

Northern region (reference: central region)

1.69 (1.37, 2.10)***

1.69 (1.36, 2.09)***

Diabetes (reference: no diabetes)

1.28 (0.92, 1.78)

1.28 (0.92, 1.78)

Hypertension (reference: no hypertension)

1.04 (0.79, 1.38)

1.05 (0.79, 1.39)

Dyslipidaemia (reference: no dyslipidaemia)

1.52 (1.14, 2.04)**

1.52 (1.13, 2.04)**

  1. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001
  2. CI: Confidence interval; PHQ−9: Patient Health Questionnaire−9; LSNS−6: Lubben Social Network Scale−6
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