Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Cesarean birth is associated with lower motor and language development scores during early childhood: a longitudinal analysis of two cohorts

Fig. 1

Longitudinal association of birth by C-section and the Mental (A) and Psychomotor (B) Development Indices of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd Edition, by child’s age in the ELEMENT study (N = 1402, births by C-section = 26.9%). Models adjusted for prematurity, child’s sex, maternal age, IQ, schooling, marital status, and calendar time. The Y-axis represents the adjusted difference of BSID composite scores between birth modes; values below 0 indicate lower development scores in C-section-born children.

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