Table 1 Descriptive statistics of study samples, at birth, overall and by birth mode.

From: Cesarean birth is associated with lower motor and language development scores during early childhood: a longitudinal analysis of two cohorts

Variable

Overall

C-section

Vaginal

p-value

n

mean or %

SD

n

mean or %

SD

n

mean or %

SD

ELEMENTa

1964

  

528

  

1436

   

Maternal Age (years)

1964

25.32

5.40

528

26.43

5.80

1436

24.91

5.19

< 0.001

Maternal IQ

1418

87.25

13.36

380

88.34

13.33

1038

86.86

13.36

0.064

Number of previous births

1778

2.13

1.10

446

2.18

1.05

1332

2.11

1.11

0.283

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

1952

38.90

1.58

527

38.64

1.87

1425

39.00

1.44

< 0.001

Premature birth (< 37 weeks)

130

6.66

 

54

10.25

 

76

5.33

 

< 0.001

In-hospital maternal complications

 None

1414

72.0

 

428

81.06

 

986

68.66

 

< 0.001

 Hypertensive disorders

54

2.75

 

36

6.82

 

18

1.25

  

 Other complications

77

3.92

 

28

5.30

 

49

3.41

  

 No data

419

21.33

 

36

6.82

 

383

26.67

  

Newborn Sex (Female)

940

47.86

 

246

46.59

 

694

48.33

 

0.494

Maternal Schooling (years)

1946

10.34

3.1

523

10.69

3.1

1423

10.21

3.0

0.003

Marital status

 Married or cohabiting

1807

91.80

 

485

92.03

 

1317

91.71

 

0.820

 Single

161

8.20

 

42

7.97

 

119

8.29

  

PROGRESSb

948

  

493

  

455

   

Maternal Age (years)

948

27.06

5.48

493

28.15

5.51

455

25.87

5.19

< 0.001

Maternal IQc

778

84.98

12.57

406

84.86

12.46

372

85.11

12.71

0.783

Number of previous births

948

0.71

0.75

493

0.67

0.73

455

0.75

0.78

0.102

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

947

38.13

2.10

493

38.01

2.18

454

38.27

2.01

0.060

Premature birth (< 37 weeks)

141

14.89

 

82

16.63

 

59

13.00

 

< 0.001

In-hospital maternal complications

 None

639

66.84

 

289

58.62

 

350

76.92

 

< 0.001

 Hypertensive disorders

47

4.92

 

37

7.51

 

10

2.20

  

 Other complications

256

26.78

 

164

33.27

 

92

20.22

  

 No data

6

0.63

 

3

0.61

 

3

0.66

  

Newborn sex (Female)

449

47.36

 

233

47.26

 

216

47.47

 

0.948

Maternal Schooling (years)

948

11.90

2.88

493

12.20

2.91

455

11.57

2.81

0.001

Marital status

 Married or cohabiting

765

80.70

 

389

78.90

 

376

82.64

 

0.146

 Single

183

19.30

 

104

21.10

 

79

17.36

  
  1. P-values obtained from simple logistic regression models with birth mode as dependent variable.
  2. a Early Life Exposures in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants cohort.
  3. b Programming Research in Obesity, GRowth, Environment and Social Stress cohort.
  4. c Intelligence Quotient (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale), measured at the 1st follow-up visit to the research center.
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