Table 4 Mixed-effects multivariable regression models of the BSID-III’s Language, Motor and Cognitive Development scores in the Programming Research in obesity, GRowth, environment and social stress (PROGRESS) cohort.

C-Sect. (0 = vaginal, 1 = cesarean section)

-0.59

(-1.73, 0.54)

0.306

-1.91

(-3.01, -0.81)

0.001

-0.53

(-1.60, 0.54)

0.330

Prematurity (0 = 37 weeks or more, 1 = less than 37 weeks)

-0.46

(-2.12, 1.21)

0.590

-3.26

(-4.87, -1.65)

< 0.001

-2.46

(-4.02, -0.89)

0.002

Mother schooling (years)

0.20

(-0.03, 0.43)

0.085

0.07

(-0.16, 0.29)

0.562

0.11

(-0.11, 0.32)

0.338

Mother’s IQ (WAIS^a)

0.03

(-0.02, 0.08)

0.296

0.06

(0.01, 0.11)

0.030

0.06

(0.01, 0.11)

0.011

Mother’s age (years)

-0.05

(-0.15, 0.06)

0.404

-0.04

(-0.14, 0.07)

0.493

0.01

(-0.09, 0.11)

0.829

Child’s sex (0 = girls, 1 = boys)

-2.56

(-3.66, -1.45)

< 0.001

-2.45

(-3.52, -1.37)

< 0.001

-1.97

(-3.01, -0.93)

< 0.001

Mother’s Marital status (0 = coupled, 1 = single)

-0.23

(-0.93, 0.48)

0.530

0.42

(-0.26, 1.10)

0.227

0.60

(-0.07, 1.26)

0.077

Child’s age in months (3rd degree polynomial)

 Age

-10.94

(-12.71, -9.18)

< 0.001

-10.09

(-11.69, -8.48)

< 0.001

-1.84

(-3.46, -0.22)

0.026

 Age²

0.76

(0.63, 0.89)

< 0.001

0.72

(0.60, 0.83)

< 0.001

0.13

(0.02, 0.25)

0.025

 Age³

-0.02

(-0.02, -0.01)

< 0.001

-0.02

(-0.02, -0.01)

< 0.001

-3 × 10⁻³

(-0.01, -0.001)

0.012

Calendar date of assessment (days)

1 × 10⁻³

(-1 × 10⁻³, 2 × 10⁻³)

0.216

-2 × 10⁻³

(-4 × 10⁻³, -1 × 10⁻³)

< 0.001

1 × 10⁻³

(-1 × 10⁻³, 2 × 10⁻³)

0.531

Constant

109.5

(81.6, 137.5)

< 0.001

174.0

(147.0, 201.0)

< 0.001

90.037

(63.7, 116.3)

< 0.001

Observations

2202

2198

2202

Number of children

726

726

726