Table 4 Health impact assessment for PM2.5 (stroke by age).

From: Estimating the burden of diseases attributed to PM2.5 using the AirQ + software in Mashhad during 2016–2021

Adults

Mortality; Stroke for adults

Study year

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

25–29 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

45.99%

(34.15–56.82%)

46.3%

(34.47–57.11%)

39.96%

(28.14–51.81%)

44.09%

(32.2-55.05%)

43.54%

(31.66–54.55%)

46.91%

(35.11–57.66%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

4 (3–5)

1 (1–2)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–2)

0 (0–1)

2 (1–2)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

0.87 (0.65–1.08)

0.38 (0.28–0.47)

0.58

(0.41–0.75)

0.55(0.40–0.68)

0.15

(0.11–0.18)

0.68 (0.51–0.84)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.852 (1.519–2.316)

1.862

(1.526–2.332)

1.666

(1.392–2.075)

1.789

(1.475–2.225)

1.771

(1.463-2.200)

1.884

(1.541–2.362)

30–34 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

43.84%

(32.63–54.51%)

44.15%

(32.93–54.74%)

37.92%

(26.63–49.9%)

41.97%

(30.78–53.01%)

41.43%

(30.22–52.57%)

44.75%

(33.5-55.18%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

1 (1–2)

4 (3–4)

3 (2–3)

6 (4–7)

2 (2–3)

3 (2–3)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

0.37 (0.27–0.46)

0.87

(0.65–1.08)

0.66 (0.46–0.86)

1.45 (1.06–1.83)

0.52

(0.38–0.65)

0.70 (0.52–0.86)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.781

(1.484–2.198)

1.791

(1.491–2.209)

1.611

(1.363–1.996)

1.723

(1.445–2.128)

1.707

(1.433–2.108)

1.8099

(1.504–2.231)

35–39 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

41.69%

(31.48–51.54%)

42%

(31.78–51.79%)

35.91%

(25.74–45.99%)

39.87%

(29.68–49.66%)

39.34%

(29.16–49.09%)

42.58%

(32.36–52.26%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

1 (1–2)

6 (5–8)

4 (3–6)

4 (3–5)

4 (3–4)

4 (3–5)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

0.45 (0.34–0.56)

1.96 (1.48–2.41)

1.28

(0.92–1.64)

1.11 (0.83–1.39)

0.94

(0.70–1.18)

1.09 (0.83–1.34)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.715

(1.459–2.063)

1.724

(1.466–2.074)

1.560

(1.347–1.851)

1.663

(1.422–1.987)

1.648

(1.412–1.964)

1.742

(1.478–2.095)

40–44 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

39.38%

(29.16–48.33%)

39.68%

(29.45–48.6%)

33.76%

(23.67–43.36%)

37.6%

(27.44-46.785)

37.08%

(26.95–46.37%)

40.25%

(30-49.13%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

5 (3–6)

7 (5–8)

4 (3–6)

9 (7–12)

4 (3–5)

8 (6–10)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

2.09 (1.55–2.57)

2.94 (2.18–3.61)

1.82 (1.28–2.34)

3.66 (2.67–4.56)

1.35

(0.98–1.69)

2.67 (1.99–3.26)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.649

(1.412–1.936)

1.658

(1.417–1.946)

1.509

(1.310–1.765)

1.603

(1.378–1.879)

1.589

(1.369–1.865)

1.674

(1.429–1.966)

45–49 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

37.23%

(28.04–45.52%)

37.52%

(28.33–45.77%)

31.82%

(22.75–40.63%)

35.51%

(26.3-43.92%)

35.01%

(25.81–43.44%)

38.07%

(28.87–46.29%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

6 (4–7)

9 (7–11)

13 (9–17)

9 (6–11)

7 (5–8)

10 (8–12)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

3.26 (2.46–3.99)

4.49 (3.39–5.48)

6.69

(4.79–8.55)

4.25 (3.14–5.25)

3.25

(2.39–4.03)

4.77 (3.62–5.80)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.593

(1.389–1.836)

1.600

(1.395–1.844)

1.467

(1.294–1.684)

1.551

(1.357–1.783)

1.539

(1.348–1.768)

1.615

(1.406–1.862)

50–54 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

34.68%

(26.69–43.05%)

34.96%

(26.98–43.27%)

29.53%

(21.46–38.57%)

33.05%

(25-41.61%)

32.57%

(24.51–41.2%)

35.48%

(27.54–43.7%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

11 (9–14)

12 (9–14)

11 (8–14)

7 (5–9)

12 (9–16)

16 (13–20)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

7.16 (5.51–8.89)

7.47 (5.77–9.25)

6.87 (4.99–8.97)

4.50 (3.40–5.66)

7.41

(5.58–9.38)

9.33 (7.24–11.49)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.531

(1.364–1.756)

1.537

(1.369–1.763)

1.419

(1.273–1.628)

1.494

(1.333–1.713)

1.483

(1.325–1.701)

1.5499

(1.3799–1.776)

55–59 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

23.92%

(16-31.98%)

24.1%

(16.19–32.15%)

20.53%

(12.7-28.69%)

22.86%

(14.92–31.01%)

22.55%

(14.61–30.73%)

24.44%

(16.56–32.48%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

8 (5–11)

13 (9–17)

13 (8–18)

10 (6–13)

9 (6–13)

16 (11–22)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

6.81

(4.55–9.10)

9.63

(6.47–12.85)

9.24 (5.71–12.91)

7.17 (4.68–9.73)

6.81

(4.42–9.29)

11.63

(7.88–15.45)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.314

(1.191–1.470)

1.318

(1.193–1.474)

1.258

(1.145–1.402)

1.296

(1.175–1.449)

1.291

(1.171–1.444)

1.323

(1.198–1.481)

60–64 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

29.9%

(22.51–36.79%)

30.15%

(22.75–37.03%)

25.22%

(18.03–32.61%)

28.4%

(21.1-35.34%)

27.97%

(20.69–34.99%)

30.63%

(23.21–37.5%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

19 (15–24)

20 (15–24)

20 (14–26)

23 (17–28)

19 (14–24)

31 (24–38)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

25.27

(19.02–31.08)

19.90

(15.01–24.44)

19.62

(14.02–25.36)

21.02

(15.61–26.15)

17.39

(12.86–21.75)

26.16

(19.82–32.02)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.427

(1.290–1.582)

1.432

(1.294–1.588)

1.337

(1.219–1.484)

1.397

(1.267–1.547)

1.388

(1.261–1.538)

1.442

(1.302-1.600)

65–69 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

27.54%

(20.81–34.55%)

27.77%

(21.04–34.78%)

23.16%

(16.53–30.27%)

26.13%

(19.41–33.13%)

25.73%

(19-32.75%)

28.22%

(21.47–35.21%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

14 (11–18)

21 (16–26)

16 (11–21)

26 (19–33)

26 (20–34)

36 (27–45)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

26.77

(20.23–33.59)

39.81

(30.16–49.87)

23.51

(16.79–30.74)

34.80

(25.84–44.11)

34.97

(25.83–44.52)

44.62

(33.94–55.66)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.379

(1.263–1.528)

1.384

(1.266–1.533)

1.301

(1.198–1.434)

1.354

(1.241–1.495)

1.346

(1.235–1.487)

1.393

(1.273–1.543)

70–74 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

24.69%

(18.79–31.25%)

24.91%

(19-31.47%)

20.62%

(14.81–27.07%)

23.38%

(17.5-29.81%)

23%

(17.13–29.42%)

25.34%

(19.42–31.9%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

20 (15–26)

29 (22–37)

15 (11–20)

20 (15–25)

19 (14–24)

26 (20–32)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

46.52

(35.39–58.87)

62.60

(47.75–79.09)

33.40

(23.99–43.86)

42.84

(32.07–54.63)

43.52

(32.41–55.67)

57.47

(44.04–72.34)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.328

(1.231–1.455)

1.332

(1.235–1.459)

1.259

(1.174–1.371)

1.305

(1.212–1.425)

1.299

(1.207–1.417)

1.339

(1.241–1.468)

75–79 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

21.84%

(15.92–27.8%)

22.04%

(16.11–27.97%)

18.15%

(12.46–24.44%)

20.65%

(14.76–26.75%)

20.3%

(14.43–26.47%)

22.43%

(16.46–28.3%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

18 (13–23)

24 (17–30)

19 (13–26)

26 (19–34)

20 (14–26)

29 (21–37)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

54.50

(39.74–69.38)

73.88

(53.99–93.76)

57.30

(39.34–77.17)

72.68

(51.97–94.17)

55.60

(39.53–72.48)

82.11

(60.24-103.58)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.279

(1.189–1.385)

1.283

(1.192–1.388)

1.222

(1.142–1.323)

1.260

(1.173–1.365)

1.255

(1.169–1.3599)

1.289

(1.197–1.395)

80–84 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

19.22%

(14.03–24.25%)

19.4%

(14.2-24.41%)

15.94%

(10.93–21.4%)

18.16%

(13.03–23.35%)

17.85%

(12.74–23.1%)

19.75%

(14.54–24.71%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

21 (15–26)

31 (23–39)

19 (13–25)

25 (18–32)

22 (16–29)

25 (18–31)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

109.83

(80.17-138.59)

123.63

(90.50-155.55)

73.06

(50.12–98.09)

100.41

(72.06-129.14)

103.82

(74.11-134.33)

114.96

(84.63-143.88)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.238

(1.163–1.320)

1.241

(1.166–1.323)

1.189

(1.123–1.272)

1.222

(1.1498–1.305)

1.217

(1.146-1.300)

1.246

(1.170–1.328)

+ 85 years

Estimated Attributable Proportion

16.32%

(12.21–20.87%)

16.47%

(12.37–21.03%)

13.44%

(9.53–17.88%)

15.38%

(11.3-19.87%)

15.11%

(11.04–19.59%)

16.78%

(12.68–21.34%)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases

22 (16–28)

32 (24–41)

20 (14–27)

26 (19–34)

26 (19–34)

33 (25–42)

Estimated number of Attributable Cases per 100,000 Population at Risk

152.87

(114.40-195.58)

166.42

(124.95–212.50)

94.68

(67.11-125.97)

108.91

(80.01-140.72)

131.61

(96.14-170.62)

175.12 (132.31-222.75)

RR (Lower-Upper)

1.195

(1.139–1.264)

1.197

(1.141–1.266)

1.155

(1.105–1.218)

1.182

(1.127–1.248)

1.178

(1.124–1.244)

1.202

(1.145–1.271)

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