Table 1 Characteristics of controls and pneumonia patients with severe TBI.

From: Prognostic value of soluble programmed death-1 and soluble programmed death ligand-1 in severe traumatic brain injury patients

Variables

Healthy controls

TBI patients

P value

TBI patients

P value

Mild pneumonia

Severe pneumonia

n

20

82

-

52

30

-

Female, %

12 (60%)

49 (59%)

0.984

29 (56%)

20 (67%)

0.332

Age, years

64 (54–69)

58 (49–66)

0.053

59 (48–70)

56 (51–62)

0.684

Diabetes mellitus, %

3 (15%)

15 (18%)

0.443

9 (17%)

6 (20%)

0.761

Hypertension, %

5 (25%)

27 (33%)

0.493

15 (29%)

12 (40%)

0.301

CAD, %

2 (10%)

10 (12%)

0.909

6 (12%)

4 (13%)

0.912

WBC, 109/L

6.6 (5.5–7.8)

12.5 (8.6–16.1)

< 0.001

10.0 (7.05–16.1)

14.0 (11.9–16.1)

0.009

Lymphocytes, 109/L

2.70 (2.40–3.08)

0.84 (0.53–1.19)

< 0.001

1.09 (0.65–1.40)

0.58 (0.36–0.94)

0.001

Lac, mmol/L

0.85 (0.60–1.08)

2.1 (1.2–3.7)

< 0.001

1.50 (1.03–3.83)

2.40 (2.08–3.73)

0.009

CRP, mg/L

5.2 (2.7–7.3)

20.4 (4.0-65.7)

< 0.001

7.9 (1.7–65.7)

33.0 (14.2–65.7)

0.009

PCT, ng/ml

0.05 (0.05–0.10)

1.4 (0.7–4.1)

< 0.001

0.95 (0.52–3.40)

3.51 (2.06–5.96)

0.003

Marshall CT (n, %)

  I

-

0

-

0

0

-

  II

-

27 (33%)

-

18 (35%)

9 (30%)

0.668

  III

-

33 (40%)

-

21 (40%)

12 (40%)

0.972

  IV

-

15 (18%)

-

10 (19%)

5 (17%)

0.994

  V

-

7 (9%)

-

3 (6%)

4 (13%)

0.441

  RTS

-

7 (6–9)

-

8 (7–9)

7 (6–8)

0.015

  Surgical procedures (n, %)

-

64 (78%)

-

40 (77%)

24 (80%)

0.746

  Duration of MV

-

13 (12–15)

-

14 (11–15)

13 (12–16)

0.397

  Duration of ICU

-

16 (14–19)

-

17 (15–19)

14 (12–17)

< 0.001

  APACHE II score

-

25 (19–31)

-

21 (18–31)

27 (23–38)

0.008

  sPD-1, ng/mL

0.95 (0.72–1.10)

2.20 (1.67–2.91)

< 0.001

2.02 (1.57–2.49)

2.68 (2.12–3.19)

0.001

  sPD-L1, ng/mL

0.58 (0.43–0.67)

1.04 (0.62–1.30)

< 0.001

0.83 (0.53–1.22)

1.20 (0.95–1.46)

0.002

  1. Data are shown as median and interquartile range unless otherwise indicated
  2. APACHE II Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation system II, CAD Cardiac artery disease, CRP C-reactive protein, ICU intensive care unit, Lac Lactate, MV mechanical ventilation, PCT Procalcitonin, RTS Revised trauma score, sPD-1 soluble Programmed death-1, sPD-L1 soluble Programmed death ligand-1, TBI Traumatic brain injury, WBC White blood cells
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