Table 5 Displaying the time, in minutes, required to converge to a total loss value of 10− 4.

From: Enhancing convergence speed with feature enforcing physics-informed neural networks using boundary conditions as prior knowledge

   

Vanilla PINN

 

Ratio

FE-PINN

\(\:\lambda\:=1\)

\(\:\lambda\:=1.2\)

\(\:\lambda\:=1.4\)

\(\:\lambda\:=1.6\)

\(\:\lambda\:=1.8\)

Case 1

21.47

0.8 + 12.7

21.2

18.5

20.2

19.3

21.6

Case 2

21.47

0.8 + 12.9

28.1

Not Converged

Not Converged

Not Converged

Not Converged

Case 3

21.47

0.8 + 14.2

Not Converged

Not Converged

Not Converged

Not Converged

Not Converged

Case 1

26.94

0.7 + 10

21.8

16.1

18.7

30.1

17.4

Case 2

26.94

0.8 + 11.5

20.7

15.7

16.2

22.3

19.4

Case 3

26.94

0.8 + 9.3

28.6

28.5

23.1

Not Converged

23.9

Case 1

32.39

0.8 + 14.8

Not Converged

Not Converged

26.3

30.4

30.5

Case 2

32.39

0.7 + 15.4

21.5

23.4

22.1

24.5

30.4

Case 3

32.39

0.7 + 10.6

15.5

15.4

18.1

15.4

13.9

Case 1

37.80

0.7 + 12.4

Not Converged

20.9

Not Converged

22.8

27.1

Case 2

37.80

0.7 + 13.7

25.5

Not Converged

26.32

24.1

25.1

Case 3

37.80

0.7 + 12.1

20.5

28.2

23.6

22.9

22.6

Case 1

43.25

0.8 + 13.3

31.9

23.6

22.4

18.7

21.8

Case 2

43.25

0.6 + 11.2

29.5

20.4

21.5

24.4

18.5

Case 3

43.25

0.6 + 15.4

24.3

21.0

28.7

26.5

21.5

Case 1

48.675

0.6 + 14.6

40.2

28.2

Not Converged

26.7

35.7

Case 2

48.675

0.6 + 12.7

23.1

22.5

22.9

19.8

25.3

Case 3

48.675

0.6 + 12.5

33.3

23.3

27.8

29.9

21.7